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#Reading
The Death of the Author
Can we separate art from artist?
Updated: 2022.08.30
5 min read · Intermediate
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The Death of the Author

In 1967 French literary critic Roland Barthes declared it was time for the author to die. He was not trying to incite murder, but instead, his statement was about the death of the “original” meaning given to a text by the author. In a nutshell, he argued that what the author “meant” was nothing more than a vaguely interesting piece of context and that it should not influence the reader’s interpretation of a text.

This was a marked shift from traditional literary criticism, which heavily relied upon the author’s intent and biography to interpret meaning. Prior to Barthes, literary critics would use details from an author's life to unlock the “ultimate meaning” of their work; without this knowledge, the reader was powerless.

Barthes was motivated to divorce art from artists because of his belief that the reader was being held hostage—trapped and limited by the writer. In his own words; “the birth of the reader must be at the cost of the death of the Author.” The author must die so we, the reader, can be free to interpret the writing as it is, without the warping effect of authorial influence. Half a century later, perhaps Barthes’ theory is the perfect antidote for the modern malaise of cancel culture.

What is Cancel Culture?

Cancel culture is a contemporary phrase to describe the social, political, or professional exile of someone who is deemed to have acted or spoken in an inexcusable way. We say that someone has been “canceled” when facts about their personal lives are made public, prompting outpourings of shock and disgust. The severity of a “canceling” varies depending on the celebrity and alleged crimes of the perpetrator, but there is no consensus about what we ought to do regarding their creative works in the aftermath of their public shunning. Some call for a total boycott, while others staunchly [1] defend free speech.

A recent example of a high-profile canceling comes in the form of J.K. Rowling, whose activities on Twitter have caused a considerable backlash [2]. There have been calls to boycott her books and the films still being released annually by the Harry Potter industrial complex.

Choosing to separate the author from her work neither delegitimizes criticism of Ms. Rowling, nor exonerates her. So why should we continue to allow the opinions of an author to cast such an ugly shadow over their work?

According to Barthes’ theory, as soon as an author publishes a book, they no longer have control of it. The words on the page now belong to the reader, who filters them through their own life experience and understanding to bring them to life. To me, a text might mean one thing, to you, another, and that is what literary criticism exists to discuss and debate. It is often said that “beauty is in the eye of the beholder,” so perhaps meaning ought to be found in the mind of the reader.

Proponents of cancel culture argue that people need to be held accountable for their actions, no matter their status, prestige, or wealth. In many ways it’s difficult to find fault in this argument; no one ought to be above the law, or morality.

However, the cancel culture practice of boycotting or shunning is what many critics take issue with. It is a non sequitur to suggest that censorship is the best practice to deal with someone who doesn’t meet the societal standard of moral behavior. We infantilize [3] the reader when we assume they lack the critical thinking skills to recognize and challenge the ideas that they see, read, and hear.

I believe that we can appreciate an author’s work without approving and ratifying things that they’ve ever done in their lives. If we adopt Barthes’ theory, we can have our cake and eat it too. People are of course, free to shun whomever they so choose, but I, for one, will be dusting off my well-loved copy of Harry Potter, and settling in for my annual re-read of a childhood favorite.

작가가 죽어야 작품이 산다

1967년 프랑스의 문학비평가 롤랑 바르트는 작가가 죽어야 할 때가 왔다고 선언했습니다. 이것은 살인을 선동하려고 한 것이 아니라, 작가가 글을 쓸 때 의도한 “원래” 의미가 죽는 것에 관해서 말한 것입니다. 한 마디로 그는 작가가 “의도한” 것은 문맥상 조금 재미있는 한 부분에 지나지 않으며, 그것이 독자가 텍스트를 해석하는 데 영향을 끼쳐서는 안된다고 주장했습니다.

이것은 기존의 문학비평 방식으로부터 뚜렷하게 벗어난 것이었는데, 당시 문학비평은 의미를 해석하기 위해 작가의 의도와 생애에 전적으로 의존하고 있었습니다. 바르트 이전의 문학비평가들은 작품의 “궁극적 의미”를 풀기 위해서 작가의 삶의 상세한 부분까지 논의하곤 했습니다. 작가에 대한 이런 지식 없이는 독자는 아무런 힘이 없다 여겼던 겁니다.

바르트는 독자가 작가에 의해 틀에 갇히고 제한을 받으며 인질로 잡혀 있다고 믿었고, 이런 믿음 때문에 예술을 예술가와 분리하려고 했습니다. 바르트의 말을 그대로 인용하면 “독자의 탄생은 작가의 죽음이라는 대가를 치러야만 합니다.” 작가는 죽어야만, 독자가 작가의 영향력으로 인한 왜곡된 효과 없이 글을 그대로 자유로이 해석할 수 있다는 것입니다. 반세기가 지난 지금, 아마도 바르트의 이론은 “캔슬컬처(취소문화)”라는 현대의 병폐에 대한 완벽한 해결책이 될 듯합니다.

캔슬컬처란 무엇인가요?

캔슬컬처란 용납할 수 없는 언행을 저질렀다고 생각되는 사람을 사회적, 정치적, 또는 직업적으로 배제시키는 것을 묘사하는 현대의 용어입니다. 누군가의 사생활에서 일어난 사실들이 대중에게 공개되어 충격과 혐오가 쏟아져 나오게 되면, 우리는 그 사람이 “취소되었다”고 말합니다. “취소”의 정도는 잘못을 저지른 사람의 유명도와 범죄 혐의에 따라 다양합니다. 그러나 대중의 외면 이후 그들의 창작품들을 어떻게 해야 하는지에 대해서는 합의된 바가 없습니다. 어떤 사람들은 그들의 작품까지도 완전 외면해야 한다고 주장하는 반면, 다른 이들은 표현의 자유를 강력히 옹호합니다.

최근 세간의 이목을 끈 유명인 취소문화의 예는 J. K. 롤링 사례로, 이 작가가 트위터에 올린 발언들은 상당한 반발을 일으켰습니다. 해리 포터와 관련된 책들과 여전히 매년 출시되고 있는 영화에 대해 불매운동들을 해야 한다는 요구가 이어지고 있습니다.

작가와 작품을 따로 분리하는 것은 롤링에 대한 비난을 비합법화하는 것도, 그녀에게 면죄부를 주는 것도 아닙니다. 그렇다면 왜 우리는 계속해서 작가의 의견이 그들의 작품에 이런 안좋은 영향을 미치는 것을 두고보는 걸까요?

바르트의 이론에 따르면, 작가는 책을 출간하는 순간 더 이상 그 글에 대한 통제력이 없습니다. 종이 위에 쓰여진 글자들은 이제 독자의 것이 되고 독자는 자기 인생 경험과 이해를 통해 글을 해석함으로써 작품에 생명을 불어넣습니다. ‘나’에게는 텍스트가 이런 의미이지만, ‘당신’에게는 또 다른 의미가 될 수 있습니다. 그렇기 때문에 문학비평이란 것이 존재하고, 서로 토론하고 논쟁하게 됩니다. “제 눈에 안경이다”라는 말이 있듯이 작품의 의미도 독자의 마음 속에서 찾아야 합니다.

캔슬컬처의 옹호자들은 그들의 지위나 특권, 부와 상관없이 사람들에게 자신의 행동에 대해 책임을 물을 필요가 있다고 주장합니다. 여러 면에서 이 주장의 잘못을 찾기는 어렵습니다. 그 누구도 법이나 도덕 위에 있어서는 안되기 때문입니다.

하지만 많은 비판가들이 불매운동이나 외면이라는 캔슬컬처의 관행에 문제를 제기합니다. 이들의 주장은 ‘검열’이 도덕적 행동에 대한 사회적 기준을 충족하지 못한 사람들에 대응하는 최고의 방법이라고 시사하는 것은 합리적인 결론이 아니라는 것입니다. 독자에게 보고 읽고 듣는 견해들을 인정하고 이의를 제기할 만한 비판적 사고기술이 결여되어 있다고 가정한다면 우리는 그들을 어린아이처럼 취급하게 된다는 것입니다.

저는 작가들이 그들의 삶에서 해온 행동들을 다 승인하고 인정하지 않고도 작가의 작품을 감상할 수 있다고 생각합니다. 바르트의 이론을 받아들이면 우리는 한 번에 두 마리의 토끼를 잡을 수도 있을 것입니다. 물론 사람들은 원하면 어느 작가든지 외면할 자유가 있습니다. 하지만 저는 제가 무척 사랑하는 해리 포터 책들을 오랜만에 꺼내 먼지를 털 것이고, 편안히 앉아 이 어린 시절 최애 책을 다시 읽는 중요한 연례 행사를 계속할 것입니다.

Discussion Questions
Q1
In your own words, please briefly summarize the article.
Q2
What inspired you to choose this lesson packet for today’s class?
Q3
What is cancel culture?
Q4
Can you think of any artists or celebrities who’ve been cancelled? Did they deserve it, in your opinion?
Q5
Do we need to know about the author or artist in order to understand a piece of art?
Q6
Does finding out something upsetting about someone change how you see them as a person?
Q7
Does J.K. Rowling deserve to be boycotted?
Q8
What would you do if your favourite author/actor/director was caught in a morally deplorable situation? Would you still be able to enjoy their work?
Q9
If you have a question or questions that you'd like to discuss during your class, please write them down.
Expressions
staunchly
to do something in a very dedicated way
Example
1

I will staunchly defend human rights.

Example
2

She staunchly stuck to her argument.

backlash
a strong, often widespread, negative reaction
Example
1

The President faced a huge backlash after his affair was leaked to the press.

Example
2

Black Lives Matter(BLM) is the international backlash against racism.

infantilize
to treat a person as if they are a child, especially when it goes against their maturity or experience
Example
1

He always infantilizes me when we argue.

Example
2

I find it infantilizing when you speak to me in a baby voice.

본 교재는 당사 편집진이 제작하는 링글의 자산으로 저작권법에 의해 보호됩니다. 링글 플랫폼 외에서 자료를 활용하시는 경우 당사와 사전 협의가 필요합니다.

In 1967 French literary critic Roland Barthes declared it was time for the author to die. He was not trying to incite murder, but instead, his statement was about the death of the “original” meaning given to a text by the author. In a nutshell, he argued that what the author “meant” was nothing more than a vaguely interesting piece of context and that it should not influence the reader’s interpretation of a text.

This was a marked shift from traditional literary criticism, which heavily relied upon the author’s intent and biography to interpret meaning. Prior to Barthes, literary critics would use details from an author's life to unlock the “ultimate meaning” of their work; without this knowledge, the reader was powerless.

Barthes was motivated to divorce art from artists because of his belief that the reader was being held hostage—trapped and limited by the writer. In his own words; “the birth of the reader must be at the cost of the death of the Author.” The author must die so we, the reader, can be free to interpret the writing as it is, without the warping effect of authorial influence. Half a century later, perhaps Barthes’ theory is the perfect antidote for the modern malaise of cancel culture.

What is Cancel Culture?

Cancel culture is a contemporary phrase to describe the social, political, or professional exile of someone who is deemed to have acted or spoken in an inexcusable way. We say that someone has been “canceled” when facts about their personal lives are made public, prompting outpourings of shock and disgust. The severity of a “canceling” varies depending on the celebrity and alleged crimes of the perpetrator, but there is no consensus about what we ought to do regarding their creative works in the aftermath of their public shunning. Some call for a total boycott, while others staunchly [1] defend free speech.

A recent example of a high-profile canceling comes in the form of J.K. Rowling, whose activities on Twitter have caused a considerable backlash [2]. There have been calls to boycott her books and the films still being released annually by the Harry Potter industrial complex.

Choosing to separate the author from her work neither delegitimizes criticism of Ms. Rowling, nor exonerates her. So why should we continue to allow the opinions of an author to cast such an ugly shadow over their work?

According to Barthes’ theory, as soon as an author publishes a book, they no longer have control of it. The words on the page now belong to the reader, who filters them through their own life experience and understanding to bring them to life. To me, a text might mean one thing, to you, another, and that is what literary criticism exists to discuss and debate. It is often said that “beauty is in the eye of the beholder,” so perhaps meaning ought to be found in the mind of the reader.

Proponents of cancel culture argue that people need to be held accountable for their actions, no matter their status, prestige, or wealth. In many ways it’s difficult to find fault in this argument; no one ought to be above the law, or morality.

However, the cancel culture practice of boycotting or shunning is what many critics take issue with. It is a non sequitur to suggest that censorship is the best practice to deal with someone who doesn’t meet the societal standard of moral behavior. We infantilize [3] the reader when we assume they lack the critical thinking skills to recognize and challenge the ideas that they see, read, and hear.

I believe that we can appreciate an author’s work without approving and ratifying things that they’ve ever done in their lives. If we adopt Barthes’ theory, we can have our cake and eat it too. People are of course, free to shun whomever they so choose, but I, for one, will be dusting off my well-loved copy of Harry Potter, and settling in for my annual re-read of a childhood favorite.

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