Diamonds, crystalized gems of carbon, are among the hardest and most valuable materials on earth. Formed over thousands of years due to intense heat and pressure beneath the ground, diamonds have a connotation [1] of beauty and luxury around the world. Yet while many readers may be familiar with what these gemstones signify, the shadowy history of the global diamond industry is less well known. The De Beers Group, founded by British explorer Cecil Rhodes in 1888, retained a huge monopoly over diamond trading until quite recently, and their influence on the global jewelry market cannot be overstated.
While Cecil Rhodes’ exploration of South Africa certainly helped the corporation get its start, other early businessmen like Ernest Oppenheimer and J. P. Morgan financed the company to expand its operations into other territories like Canada and Australia. Soon after founding the firm, Rhodes and Oppenheimer quickly turned to shady tactics to enforce their monopoly, including blackmail and price-fixing. At one point, the company was even accused of secretly helping Germany and Japan during WWII by refusing to release industrial diamonds to the US.
From the wealth of its founders and financiers, De Beers grew to hold nearly 85% of the world’s diamond sales by the middle of the 20th century. By reducing the available supply of the stones while loaning out diamonds from the corporate collection to celebrities and movie stars, De Beers was able to increase the social desirability of diamonds while skyrocketing the cost. De Beers created the Central Selling Organization, also known as the CSO, in order to create a single market for its diamond products. The company used the purchasing power of the CSO to rapidly incorporate newly discovered diamond mines into De Beers’ coffers [2]. In fact, comparisons have been drawn between the actions of the CSO then and today’s Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which retains a similarly tight control over gasoline markets in most of the world.
One particularly brilliant marketing campaign for De Beers was its now-iconic 1947 ad written by Frances Gerety, “A Diamond is Forever.” This phrase has become so famous that it has become a genericization [3], or business term that transcends the individual company to define an entire industry. Following the campaign, sales of diamond rings rose from 10% of all engagements in the 1930s to over 80% in the 2000s. Due to the company’s monopoly, they simply needed to increase the popularity of diamonds without furthering [4] their own brand name. Thus in today’s market, diamonds are extremely popular, yet their largest producer has relatively low name recognition.
In recent years, De Beers has strived to update its image. Aside from its anti-competitive practices, the company has been accused of being harmful to the environment and forcibly relocating indigenous people. Their latest projects include ethically and responsibly sourced gems, as well as pro-competitive practices that are completely legal.
Yet the rise of synthetic and laboratory-created gemstones has been a challenge for the conglomerate [5], as newer and younger firms promise to help youths shop their values with ethically sourced and produced gems, even during their engagement. In fact, preliminary data shows that the popularity of the stones may even be faltering, with fewer engaged couples purchasing them in the 2020s. It remains to be seen whether or not De Beers’ new and friendly brand image will be able to improve their standing internationally.