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#Climate Change
Climate Refugees
Floods, fires, and temperatures force people to flee their homes
Updated: 2022.04.08
6 min read · Intermediate
Climate Refugees

In the middle of the Pacific Ocean rests a cluster of ring-shaped coral reefs, also called atolls. These 32 atolls, together, make up the island nation of Kiribati. Natural resources are scarce in this country, though it is a major exporter of hand-caught ornamental fish. Beyond its quaintness and tropical weather, Kiribati is unique in that it may be one of the first nations to be swallowed up as a result of climate change-- conservative estimates suggest that in about 30 years, it will no longer exist.

The World Bank estimates that 143 million people will be forcibly moved from their homes because of climate change by the year 2050. The effects of climate change, such as floods, fires, and droughts are encroaching on habitable areas. In Kiribati, where 2 of its original 34 atolls are already wiped out by the ocean, people are faced with a difficult decision. Some have migrated inland while remaining residents on the atolls have to choose between rebuilding or abandoning an area destroyed and plagued by natural disasters. Should the people of the island nation decide to relocate, they might be considered “climate refugees,” a status that has no official definition.

Climate-induced migration

Climate-induced migration is becoming increasingly prevalent [1]. In 2017, alone, over 68.5 million people were forced to leave their homes. There are two main ways that climate change causes people to move: sudden onset and slow-onset. Sudden onsets entail immediate weather events and are thus less predictable. Slow-onset effects, on the other hand, are predictable, and their causes are much more closely linked to human activities. Kiribati’s case is one example of a nation suffering from slow-onset effects. The Climate Research Institute estimates that there will be nearly 63 million people forced to migrate from South Asia, alone, because of slow-onset effects.

The government of Kiribati has purchased some 6,000 acres of land in Fiji in order to accommodate those moving out of the island nation. Since the eventual destruction of this climate nation is just a matter of time, many citizens have had opportunities to reflect on what the best course of action would be for them. By comparison, not all countries have the opportunity to plan ahead: Myanmar and Indonesia are particularly prone to sudden onset effects, like cyclones and tsunamis.

The case of Kiribati draws in interesting political questions. Since the country in its original form will eventually cease to exist, the status of the citizens who haven’t left the country by legal means will be a moot point. Moreover, they will likely migrate to Fijian island of Vanua Levu. What, then, becomes of Kiribati? The people of Kiribati, with their culture and heritage, will be left without a place to call home.

The legal status of climate refugees

Much of the confusion around the “climate refugee” term is amplified by the lack of legal status associated with it. Although the media and many politicians have labeled people moving because of climate change “climate refugees,” they are not technically refugees. To be a refugee, an individual must meet certain qualifications established by international law. This international law, named the 1951 Refugee Convention, requires countries to protect people who qualify as refugees.

However, this law does not include displacement due to climate change as a qualification to be considered a refugee. Thus, “climate refugee” is a misnomer [2]. Because people moving due to climate change are not legally defined as refugees, countries are not obligated to provide them with any protections, including allowing them to enter the country. As a result, “climate refugees,” or more accurately climate migrants, are left in legal and social limbo [3]: they are unsafe in their homes but may have limited places to go.

The future of climate migration

As climate change continues to intensify, even people in developed nations (countries that are more likely to have technology that can be used to adapt to the effects of climate change) are being forced to leave their homes. In the US, for example, some people living in New Orleans, Louisiana have been forced to relocate due to gradual sinking of the city.

The only way to end climate migration is to mitigate climate change. If countries fulfill their obligations under the 2015 Paris Agreement and limit global warming to 1.5ºC (or at least to 2ºC) above pre-industrial levels, severe, irreversible consequences may be avoided. Unfortunately, as of December 2021, almost every country’s policy will not limit warming to 2ºC.

기후 난민

태평양 한가운데에는 환상 산호도라고 불리는 반지 모양의 산호초 군집이 있습니다. 이런 32개의 산호도가 모여 만들어진 섬나라가 키리바시입니다. 손으로 잡은 관상용 물고기가 주요 수출품 중 하나인 이 나라는 천연자원이 귀한 나라입니다. 독특한 매력과 열대 기후 이외에도 키리바시는 기후변화 때문에 사라질지도 모르는 최초의 나라들 중 하나라는 점에서 특별합니다. 넉넉히 어림잡아 추산한다해도 약 30년이 지나면 이 나라는 더 이상 존재하지 않을겁니다.

세계은행은 2050년까지 약 1억 4천 300만 인구가 기후변화로 살던 곳을 강제로 떠나야만 할 것이라고 예측합니다. 홍수, 화재 그리고 가뭄과 같은 기후변화로 인해 인간이 거주할 수 있는 영역이 잠식당하고 있습니다. 원래 있던 34개 환상 산호도 중 2개가 이미 바다에 잠겨 사라져 버린 키리바시의 주민들은 어려운 결정을 내려야 하는 상황에 직면해 있습니다. 일부는 이미 내륙으로 이주를 했고, 환상 산호도에 남아 있는 거주민들은 자연재해로 파괴된 지역을 재건하거나 아예 포기하는 것 중 한가지를 선택해야 합니다. 이 섬의 주민들이 이주하기로 결정한다면 그들은 아직 공식적인 정의가 없는 “기후 난민"으로 여겨질 것입니다.

기후가 초래한 이주

기후로 인한 이주는 점점 더 늘고 있습니다. 2017년 한해만도 6천 850만이 넘는 사람들이 살던 곳을 떠나야 했습니다. 기후변화가 사람들의 이주를 초래하는 데는 크게 두 가지 경우–돌발적인 시작과 점진적인 시작이 있습니다. 돌발적인 시작은 즉각적인 날씨 상황으로 인한 것이라서 예측 가능성이 낮은 반면, 점진적인 시작의 영향은 예측이 가능하고 그 원인은 인간의 행동과 밀접히 연결되어 있습니다. 키리바시는 점진적인 시작의 영향으로 고통받는 국가의 일례입니다. 기후연구소는 점진적인 시작의 영향 때문에 남아시아에서만도 거의 6천 300만 인구가 이주를 해야 할 것이라고 예상합니다.

키리바시 정부는 섬나라 밖으로 이주하는 사람들을 위해 피지섬에 6천 에이커의 땅을 구입했습니다. 이 나라가 결국 사라지고 말 것은 단지 시간 문제일 뿐이므로 많은 시민들은 어떻게 하는 것이 자신들에게 가장 좋을지를 숙고할 기회가 있었습니다. 이와 비교해서 모든 국가에게 미리 계획을 세울 기회가 주어지는 것은 아닙니다. 예를 들면 미얀마와 인도네시아는 특히 열대성 폭풍 사이클론이나 쓰나미와 같은 돌발적인 시작의 영향을 받기가 쉽습니다.

키리바시의 사례는 흥미로운 정치적 질문을 이끌어냅니다. 이 나라의 원래 형태가 결국 더이상 존재할 수 없기 때문에, 법적으로 이 나라를 떠나지 않은 시민의 자격은 현실적으로 전혀 중요하지 않은 문제가 되어 버릴 것입니다. 더군다나 그들은 바누아 레부의 피지섬으로 이주하게 될 확률이 높습니다. 그러면 키리바시는 어떻게 되는걸까요? 키리바시의 문화와 유산과 함께 키리바시 국민은 고국이라 부를 땅을 잃게 되는 겁니다.

기후 난민의 법적 상태

“기후 난민”이라는 단어에 대한 혼란은 이와 관련된 법적인 자격요건이 없기 때문에 더욱 증폭됩니다. 비록 언론 매체와 많은 정치인들이 기후변화 때문에 이주하는 사람들을 “기후 난민"이라 명명해오고 있지만 그들은 엄밀히 따지면 난민이 아닙니다. 난민이 되려면, 국제법이 지정한 특정 자격 요건을 만족해야만 합니다. 1951 난민협약이라 불리는 이 국제법은 모든 나라들이 난민 자격을 갖춘 사람들을 보호하는 것을 의무화하고 있습니다.

하지만 이 법은 기후변화로 인해 살 곳을 잃은 경우는 포함하지 않습니다. 그러므로 “기후 난민"은 부적절한 명칭입니다. 기후변화로 인해 이주하는 사람들은 법적으로 난민으로 분류되지 않기 때문에, 나라들은 입국 허가를 포함, 그들에게 어떤 보호를 제공해야 할 의무가 없습니다. 그 결과 “기후 난민" 혹은 좀 더 정확하게는 “기후 이주자”는 법적으로나 사회적으로 이도저도 아닌 불확실한 상태에 놓이게 됩니다. 그들은 자기 나라에서도 안전하지 않지만 갈 수 있는 곳도 제한되어 있습니다.

기후 이주의 미래

기후변화가 계속 더 심해지면서 기후변화의 영향에 적응하는 데 필요한 기술을 가지고 있을 법한 선진국의 국민들조차도 살던 곳을 떠나야 하는 일이 벌어지고 있습니다. 예를 들어 미국 루이지애나주 뉴올리언즈에 사는 사람들은 도시의 점진적인 침몰 때문에 다른 곳으로 이주를 해야 하는 형편입니다.

기후 이주를 없애는 유일한 방법은 기후변화를 완화시키는 일입니다. 만약 국가들이 2015 파리 협정에 따르는 의무를 충실히 수행하고 지구의 평균 기온 상승폭을 산업사회 이전을 기준으로 섭씨 1.5도 (혹은 섭씨 2도) 이내로 제한한다면 되돌릴 수 없는 심각한 결과는 아마 피할 수 있을지도 모릅니다. 하지만 불행하게도 2021년 12월 현재 기온 상승폭을 섭씨 2도로 제한하는 정책을 가진 나라는 없습니다.

Discussion Questions
Q1
In your own words, please briefly summarize the article.
여러분의 언어로 교재를 간단히 요약해 주세요.
Q2
Why did you select this article for today’s session?
여러분은 왜 이 교재를 토론하기로 선택하셨나요?
Q3
Have you heard of “climate refugees”?
기후 난민에 대해 들어보신 적이 있으신가요?
Q4
What are some issues related to climate change that you know of?
여러분이 알고 있는 기후 변화와 관련된 이슈에는 어떤 것이 있나요?
Q5
What are the impacts of climate change in your country?
기후변화가 여러분의 나라에 미치는 영향은 무엇인가요?
Q6
Why do you think some countries wouldn’t want to allow climate migrants to enter their countries?
일부 국가가 기후 이주민의 입국을 허용하지 않는 이유는 무엇이라고 생각하시나요?
Q7
Do you think climate migrants should receive legal protections?
기후 이주민들이 법적인 보호를 받아야 한다고 생각하시나요?
Q8
How do you think the world should address climate change?
세계가 기후 변화에 어떻게 대처해야 한다고 생각하시나요?
Q9
How well do you think your country is managing climate change?
여러분의 나라가 기후변화를 얼마나 잘 관리하고 있다고 생각하시나요?
Q10
If you have a question or questions that you'd like to discuss during your class, please write them down.
궁금한 점이 있거나 수업 중에 얘기해 보고 싶은 질문이 있으면 적어주세요.
Expressions
prevalent
widespread in a particular area at a given time
例句
1

The prevalence of psychopaths that live in this area has grown steadily over the past decade or so.

例句
2

Large men walking tiny dogs is a much more prevalent sight today than it was back in the ‘80s.

misnomer
an incorrect or inaccurate use of a name or term
例句
1

Starfish is a bit of a misnomer because, although it looks like a star, it is not a fish.

例句
2

To call this hotel the “Paradise Hotel” would be a misnomer—I found a cockroach in my room!

limbo
a state of uncertainty
例句
1

The graduates were in limbo before they found jobs.

例句
2

This policy is in limbo until the Senate accepts it.

본 교재는 당사 편집진이 제작하는 링글의 자산으로 저작권법에 의해 보호됩니다. 링글 플랫폼 외에서 자료를 활용하시는 경우 당사와 사전 협의가 필요합니다.

In the middle of the Pacific Ocean rests a cluster of ring-shaped coral reefs, also called atolls. These 32 atolls, together, make up the island nation of Kiribati. Natural resources are scarce in this country, though it is a major exporter of hand-caught ornamental fish. Beyond its quaintness and tropical weather, Kiribati is unique in that it may be one of the first nations to be swallowed up as a result of climate change-- conservative estimates suggest that in about 30 years, it will no longer exist.

The World Bank estimates that 143 million people will be forcibly moved from their homes because of climate change by the year 2050. The effects of climate change, such as floods, fires, and droughts are encroaching on habitable areas. In Kiribati, where 2 of its original 34 atolls are already wiped out by the ocean, people are faced with a difficult decision. Some have migrated inland while remaining residents on the atolls have to choose between rebuilding or abandoning an area destroyed and plagued by natural disasters. Should the people of the island nation decide to relocate, they might be considered “climate refugees,” a status that has no official definition.

Climate-induced migration

Climate-induced migration is becoming increasingly prevalent [1]. In 2017, alone, over 68.5 million people were forced to leave their homes. There are two main ways that climate change causes people to move: sudden onset and slow-onset. Sudden onsets entail immediate weather events and are thus less predictable. Slow-onset effects, on the other hand, are predictable, and their causes are much more closely linked to human activities. Kiribati’s case is one example of a nation suffering from slow-onset effects. The Climate Research Institute estimates that there will be nearly 63 million people forced to migrate from South Asia, alone, because of slow-onset effects.

The government of Kiribati has purchased some 6,000 acres of land in Fiji in order to accommodate those moving out of the island nation. Since the eventual destruction of this climate nation is just a matter of time, many citizens have had opportunities to reflect on what the best course of action would be for them. By comparison, not all countries have the opportunity to plan ahead: Myanmar and Indonesia are particularly prone to sudden onset effects, like cyclones and tsunamis.

The case of Kiribati draws in interesting political questions. Since the country in its original form will eventually cease to exist, the status of the citizens who haven’t left the country by legal means will be a moot point. Moreover, they will likely migrate to Fijian island of Vanua Levu. What, then, becomes of Kiribati? The people of Kiribati, with their culture and heritage, will be left without a place to call home.

The legal status of climate refugees

Much of the confusion around the “climate refugee” term is amplified by the lack of legal status associated with it. Although the media and many politicians have labeled people moving because of climate change “climate refugees,” they are not technically refugees. To be a refugee, an individual must meet certain qualifications established by international law. This international law, named the 1951 Refugee Convention, requires countries to protect people who qualify as refugees.

However, this law does not include displacement due to climate change as a qualification to be considered a refugee. Thus, “climate refugee” is a misnomer [2]. Because people moving due to climate change are not legally defined as refugees, countries are not obligated to provide them with any protections, including allowing them to enter the country. As a result, “climate refugees,” or more accurately climate migrants, are left in legal and social limbo [3]: they are unsafe in their homes but may have limited places to go.

The future of climate migration

As climate change continues to intensify, even people in developed nations (countries that are more likely to have technology that can be used to adapt to the effects of climate change) are being forced to leave their homes. In the US, for example, some people living in New Orleans, Louisiana have been forced to relocate due to gradual sinking of the city.

The only way to end climate migration is to mitigate climate change. If countries fulfill their obligations under the 2015 Paris Agreement and limit global warming to 1.5ºC (or at least to 2ºC) above pre-industrial levels, severe, irreversible consequences may be avoided. Unfortunately, as of December 2021, almost every country’s policy will not limit warming to 2ºC.

*本教材是專爲使用Ringle學習英文的學員設計。