Vinyl records are sound storage technology that experienced a long economic decline from the 1970s until the early 21st century. However, something changed in 2006, a year often cited as the beginning of vinyl’s renaissance. The industry has experienced a resurgence and now grown to record over $1.3 billion of revenue in the US alone, a thirtyfold [1] increase since 2006.
Since the beginning of the pandemic, vinyl sales have skyrocketed by 87% annually. Just last year, vinyl overtook CD sales in the US, with 27.5 million records sold. Given that vinyl now accounts for 27% of the album sales in the US, it’s worth asking why this seemingly outdated technology has regained economic relevance.
As discussed in the Ringle article “The Vinyl Renaissance,” vinyl carries significant cultural and nostalgic value. Vinyl records are also used by some DJs as an instrument to be “scratched” to the effect of creating remixes on the fly [2]. However, these values do not fully explain the mainstream interest and strong increase in record sales.
One reason why consumers are flocking back to vinyl can be found in the unique experience it offers. For one thing, records are tangible, durable objects that you can own. Listening to music on vinyl also involves physically manipulating the disk and record player. This physicality may be appealing in a time when everything has moved online.
By extension, vinyl encourages long-form listening to whole records rather than individual songs since it’s difficult to locate exactly where each song starts and ends on a disk. For music fans, playing music on vinyl elevates the listening experience into something more special than just scrolling on your phone, tapping “play,” and letting the recommendation algorithm think for you.
Also important is the fact that you own the records you purchase, which isn’t always the case with music streaming and download services. For example, I can buy a record and lend it to my friend or resell it. On the other hand, if Spotify no longer pays to license my favorite song, it will disappear from my library, potentially requiring me to shift streaming services. Similarly, purchasing a song on iTunes does not allow me to lend it to a friend, or resell it when I lose interest.
For musicians, vinyl also offers massive benefits. The average payout per stream on Spotify is $0.004, which means that to earn $12,000 per year at the poverty line, it would take 3 million streams annually. While these figures are realistic for mega artists like Taylor Swift or Adele who can achieve an economy of scale, the ecosystem of streaming is simply so brutal for smaller musicians, even if they have tens of thousands of fans. Compared to streaming, record sales offer a significantly higher return. An artist can make around $3 to $5 per record sale, which means just one record sale is worth around 1,250 streams.
For fans, buying records is an effective option to financially support their artists, while getting a piece of merchandise that may increase in value. In fact, some collectors will even pay a fortune for rare records, like Ringo Starr’s copy of the Beatles’ White Album, which sold for $790,000 at auction.
The record resurgence, however, has also created some painful scenarios for musicians. As vinyl sales become more and more lucrative, large record companies have pounced on the opportunity to maximize profits. This has led to large artists placing orders for hundreds of thousands of records, taxing the global vinyl manufacturing industry.
Since the 1990s, most music released on vinyl was by indie [3] artists in smaller genres, like British jungle music or German minimal techno. But the relatively recent growth in record sales has not yet generated the capital investment in production capacity necessary to meet new demand. With fewer than 50 vinyl pressing plants in the US, even artists like Ed Sheeran are having to wait six months to receive records. Combined with surging demand from large retailers like Amazon for nostalgic rereleases like the Top Gun soundtrack or Fleetwood Mac’s Tusk, the vinyl resurgence has limited the potential for smaller artists to see their music on a record.
Vinyl records also present concerns for environmentally conscious consumers. While purchasing used records fits with the Three Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle), buying a new record comes with a significant carbon cost. PVC, the substance used to manufacture records, is a carcinogenic petrochemical that releases toxins when produced. These facts make streaming appear almost environmentally friendly. However, while streaming one album is less damaging to the environment than buying a record, the music industry’s greenhouse gas emissions have gone up due to the massive data and energy required to stream music 24/7. The individual gains in efficiency of streaming compared to CDs or vinyl have been canceled out by the massive increase in music consumption made possible by streaming.
Further effects of the vinyl renaissance en masse are hard to predict. While the resurgence of records has produced mixed economic and environmental outcomes, here is a question for you: will you join the vinyl renaissance?