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#Business
Vinyl Business
Recent growth
Updated: 2022.07.09
7 min read · Intermediate
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Vinyl Business

Vinyl records are sound storage technology that experienced a long economic decline from the 1970s until the early 21st century. However, something changed in 2006, a year often cited as the beginning of vinyl’s renaissance. The industry has experienced a resurgence and now grown to record over $1.3 billion of revenue in the US alone, a thirtyfold [1] increase since 2006.

Since the beginning of the pandemic, vinyl sales have skyrocketed by 87% annually. Just last year, vinyl overtook CD sales in the US, with 27.5 million records sold. Given that vinyl now accounts for 27% of the album sales in the US, it’s worth asking why this seemingly outdated technology has regained economic relevance.

As discussed in the Ringle article “The Vinyl Renaissance,” vinyl carries significant cultural and nostalgic value. Vinyl records are also used by some DJs as an instrument to be “scratched” to the effect of creating remixes on the fly [2]. However, these values do not fully explain the mainstream interest and strong increase in record sales.

One reason why consumers are flocking back to vinyl can be found in the unique experience it offers. For one thing, records are tangible, durable objects that you can own. Listening to music on vinyl also involves physically manipulating the disk and record player. This physicality may be appealing in a time when everything has moved online.

By extension, vinyl encourages long-form listening to whole records rather than individual songs since it’s difficult to locate exactly where each song starts and ends on a disk. For music fans, playing music on vinyl elevates the listening experience into something more special than just scrolling on your phone, tapping “play,” and letting the recommendation algorithm think for you.

Also important is the fact that you own the records you purchase, which isn’t always the case with music streaming and download services. For example, I can buy a record and lend it to my friend or resell it. On the other hand, if Spotify no longer pays to license my favorite song, it will disappear from my library, potentially requiring me to shift streaming services. Similarly, purchasing a song on iTunes does not allow me to lend it to a friend, or resell it when I lose interest.

For musicians, vinyl also offers massive benefits. The average payout per stream on Spotify is $0.004, which means that to earn $12,000 per year at the poverty line, it would take 3 million streams annually. While these figures are realistic for mega artists like Taylor Swift or Adele who can achieve an economy of scale, the ecosystem of streaming is simply so brutal for smaller musicians, even if they have tens of thousands of fans. Compared to streaming, record sales offer a significantly higher return. An artist can make around $3 to $5 per record sale, which means just one record sale is worth around 1,250 streams.

For fans, buying records is an effective option to financially support their artists, while getting a piece of merchandise that may increase in value. In fact, some collectors will even pay a fortune for rare records, like Ringo Starr’s copy of the Beatles’ White Album, which sold for $790,000 at auction.

The record resurgence, however, has also created some painful scenarios for musicians. As vinyl sales become more and more lucrative, large record companies have pounced on the opportunity to maximize profits. This has led to large artists placing orders for hundreds of thousands of records, taxing the global vinyl manufacturing industry.

Since the 1990s, most music released on vinyl was by indie [3] artists in smaller genres, like British jungle music or German minimal techno. But the relatively recent growth in record sales has not yet generated the capital investment in production capacity necessary to meet new demand. With fewer than 50 vinyl pressing plants in the US, even artists like Ed Sheeran are having to wait six months to receive records. Combined with surging demand from large retailers like Amazon for nostalgic rereleases like the Top Gun soundtrack or Fleetwood Mac’s Tusk, the vinyl resurgence has limited the potential for smaller artists to see their music on a record.

Vinyl records also present concerns for environmentally conscious consumers. While purchasing used records fits with the Three Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle), buying a new record comes with a significant carbon cost. PVC, the substance used to manufacture records, is a carcinogenic petrochemical that releases toxins when produced. These facts make streaming appear almost environmentally friendly. However, while streaming one album is less damaging to the environment than buying a record, the music industry’s greenhouse gas emissions have gone up due to the massive data and energy required to stream music 24/7. The individual gains in efficiency of streaming compared to CDs or vinyl have been canceled out by the massive increase in music consumption made possible by streaming.

Further effects of the vinyl renaissance en masse are hard to predict. While the resurgence of records has produced mixed economic and environmental outcomes, here is a question for you: will you join the vinyl renaissance?

레코드판의 부활

레코드판은 1970년대부터 21세기초까지 오랫동안 쇠락기를 겪은 음향 저장 기술입니다. 하지만 2006년부터 뭔가가 바뀌기 시작했고 그해는 종종 음반 르네상스가 시작된 해로 언급됩니다. 레코드 산업은 다시 부상하고 있으며 현재 미국에서만도 매출이 2006년이래 30배가 증가한 13억 달러 이상을 기록할 정도로 성장했습니다.

코로나가 대유행하기 시작한 이후 레코드 판매는 매년 87%씩 치솟았습니다. 바로 지난해만 해도 레코드판은 2천 750만 장이 팔리며 미국에서 CD 판매량을 앞질렀습니다. 현재 미국에서 앨범 판매의 27%를 레코드판이 차지하고 있다는 점을 감안하면, 왜 이 구식 기술이 경제적 가치를 되찾았는지 생각해볼 필요가 있습니다.

링글 교재 "음반의 부활"에서 논의된 바와 같이 음반은 상당한 문화적 가치 그리고 향수를 불러일으키는 정서적 가치를 지니고 있습니다. 레코드는 또한 일부 DJ들이 "스크래칭”을 함으로써 즉흥적으로 리믹스를 할 수 있는 도구이기도 합니다. 하지만 이런 가치들이 대중적인 인기와 레코드 판매의 놀라운 증가를 다 설명할 수 있는 것은 아닙니다.

소비자들이 다시 레코드판으로 몰리는 한 가지 이유는 이 음반이 특별한 경험을 제공한다는 점에서 찾을 수 있습니다. 우선 레코드판은 소유할 수 있고 손으로 만질 수 있고 내구성이 있는 물건입니다. 또한 레코드로 음악을 들으려면 레코드와 레코드 플레이어를 직접 물리적으로 작동해야 합니다. 이러한 실재성은 모든 것이 온라인으로 이동해가는 시대에 매력으로 작용할 수 있습니다.

나아가 레코드 음반에선 한 노래가 시작하고 끝나는 정확한 위치를 찾기 어렵기 때문에 개별 노래를 선택해서 듣기 보다 음반 전체를 오래 듣게 됩니다. 음악 애호가들에게 있어서 음악을 레코드로 재생하는 것은 단순히 휴대폰을 스크롤해서 "플레이"를 누르고 추천 알고리즘이 당신 대신 생각해서 음악을 틀어주는 것 이상의 특별한 청취 경험을 제공합니다.

또한 중요한 것은 구입한 레코드를 실제 소유한다는 점입니다. 이는 음악 스트리밍과 다운로드 서비스가 항상 그렇지는 않다는 것과 대비됩니다. 예를 들어 당신은 음반을 사서 친구에게 빌려주거나 재판매할 수 있습니다. 반면에 만약 스포티파이가 당신이 좋아하는 노래의 저작권을 더 이상 지불하지 않으면 그 음악은 당신의 라이브러리에서 사라지고 결국 그 노래를 들으려면 당신은 다른 스트리밍 서비스로 바꾸어야 할 것입니다. 마찬가지로 아이튠즈에서 노래를 구매하면 친구에게 빌려주거나 흥미를 잃었을 때 재판매할 수 없습니다.

음악가들에게 레코드 음반은 또한 엄청난 이점을 제공합니다. 스포티파이에서 스트리밍 1회당 음악가에게 돌아가는 평균 수익은 0.004달러이며, 이는 빈곤선인 연간 1만 2천 달러를 벌기 위해서는 연간 300만 번 스트리밍되어야 한다는 것을 의미합니다. 테일러 스위프트나 아델과 같이 규모의 경제를 달성할 수 있는 대스타 아티스트들에게는 이러한 수치가 가능하지만, 아무리 수만 명의 팬이 있는 아티스트라도 소규모 음악가들에게는 이런 스트리밍의 생리는 너무나 잔혹할 뿐입니다. 그러므로 스트리밍과 비교했을 때 레코드 판매는 음악가들에게 훨씬 높은 수익을 제공합니다. 아티스트는 음반 한 장 판매당 3-5달러를 벌 수 있는데, 이것은 한 장의 음반 판매가 약 1천 250회의 스트리밍과 맞먹는 가치가 있다는 것을 의미합니다.

팬들의 경우 음반을 구입하는 것은 가치가 올라갈 수 있는 상품을 소유하는 것임과 동시에 자기가 좋아하는 아티스트를 경제적으로 지원하는 좋은 방법입니다. 실제로 일부 수집가들은 희귀한 음반을 모으기 위해 거액을 지불하기도 합니다. 일례를 들면 링고 스타가 소장하고 있던 비틀즈의 “화이트 앨범”은 경매에서 79만 달러에 팔렸습니다.

그러나 음반의 부활은 아티스트들에게 어려운 상황을 야기하기도 했습니다. 음반 판매의 수익성이 점점 올라가자 대형 음반 회사들은 이익을 극대화할 수 있는 기회를 포착했습니다. 그로 인해 대형 아티스트들은 수십만 장의 음반 제작을 주문하게 되었고 전 세계 음반 제조 산업은 갑자기 늘어난 생산 주문으로 인해 부담을 안게 되었습니다.

1990년대 이후 레코드판으로 발매된 대부분의 음악은 영국의 정글 음악이나 독일의 미니멀 테크노와 같은 비인기 장르의 인디 아티스트들의 것이었습니다. 그리고 레코드 판매량 증가는 비교적 최근의 일이기 때문에 이러한 새로운 수요를 충족시킬 만한 생산 능력을 갖추는 데 필요한 자본 투자는 아직 이루어지지 않았습니다. 미국 내 레코드판 압착 공장은 채 50개도 되지 않기 때문에 에드 시런과 같은 아티스트들도 음반을 받기 위해 6개월을 기다려야 합니다. 아마존과 같은 대형 소매업체들이 영화 “탑건” 사운드트랙이나 플리트우드 맥의 “터스크” 같이 추억의 음반 재발매를 대량 주문하고 있기 때문에 음반이 다시 인기를 얻게 되었다고 소규모 아티스트들도 마음껏 레코드 음반을 낼 수 있는 것은 아닙니다.

레코드판 음반은 또한 환경을 의식하는 소비자들에게 걱정거리가 되고 있습니다. 중고 레코드를 구입하는 것은 3R(줄이고 재사용하고 재활용하기)에 해당되지만 새 레코드를 구입하는 것에는 상당한 탄소배출이 따릅니다. 음반을 제조하는 데 사용되는 물질인 PVC는 생산시 독소를 배출하는 발암성 석유화학 물질입니다. 이런 것들을 고려하면 스트리밍이 친환경적으로 보일 수 있습니다. 하지만 한 장의 앨범을 스트리밍하는 것이 실제 음반을 사는 것보다 환경에는 해를 덜 미치지만 음악 산업 전체의 온실가스 배출량은 오히려 증가했습니다. 음악을 매일 하루종일 스트리밍하는 데 필요한 엄청난 데이터와 에너지 때문입니다. 스트리밍 덕분에 음악 소비가 대폭 증가함으로써, CD나 레코드에 비해 스트리밍이 가지고 있던 개별적인 효율성이 없어진 것입니다.

대규모의 레코드판 부활이 어떤 영향을 추가적으로 가져올 것인지는 예측하기 어렵습니다. 음반의 부활이 복합적인 경제적, 환경적 결과를 가져오는 현재, 여러분에게 질문드릴 것이 있습니다. 여러분은 음반의 르네상스에 동참하실 건가요?

Discussion Questions
Q1
In your own words, please briefly summarize the article.
Q2
Do you prefer to own things digitally or physically?
Q3
Have you ever purchased vinyl? Why or why not?
Q4
If you were a musician, would you want to release your music on records?
Q5
Do you think there are valid reasons to buy vinyl music, for example, to support artists or collect physical copies of music? Or do you think it’s just a waste of money?
Q6
What are your predictions for the vinyl market? Will it continue to rapidly expand?
Q7
What are your main considerations when spending money on music? Convenience? Audio quality? Supporting the artist? Or something else entirely?
Q8
Are there any other outdated technologies or products that you prefer to modern ones, or that you think could become successful again?
Q9
If you have a question or questions that you'd like to discuss during your class, please write them down.
Expressions
thirtyfold
“xfold” means that something increasing by a multiple of x, “twofold” means 2x greater, “tenfold” means 10x greater
例句
1

We require a fourfold increase in budget, if we want to meet our target this year.

例句
2

There has been a twofold increase in hurricanes due to global warming.

on the fly
to do something spontaneously, to do something while in progress or motion
例句
1

The musician came up with his song on the fly, not knowing how it would sound.

例句
2

The captain changed plans on the fly, confusing the rest of the football team.

indie
abbreviated form of “independent”
例句
1

Sundance is the biggest indie film festival in the world.

例句
2

I prefer indie music, because the artists have more creative freedom.

본 교재는 당사 편집진이 제작하는 링글의 자산으로 저작권법에 의해 보호됩니다. 링글 플랫폼 외에서 자료를 활용하시는 경우 당사와 사전 협의가 필요합니다.

Vinyl records are sound storage technology that experienced a long economic decline from the 1970s until the early 21st century. However, something changed in 2006, a year often cited as the beginning of vinyl’s renaissance. The industry has experienced a resurgence and now grown to record over $1.3 billion of revenue in the US alone, a thirtyfold [1] increase since 2006.

Since the beginning of the pandemic, vinyl sales have skyrocketed by 87% annually. Just last year, vinyl overtook CD sales in the US, with 27.5 million records sold. Given that vinyl now accounts for 27% of the album sales in the US, it’s worth asking why this seemingly outdated technology has regained economic relevance.

As discussed in the Ringle article “The Vinyl Renaissance,” vinyl carries significant cultural and nostalgic value. Vinyl records are also used by some DJs as an instrument to be “scratched” to the effect of creating remixes on the fly [2]. However, these values do not fully explain the mainstream interest and strong increase in record sales.

One reason why consumers are flocking back to vinyl can be found in the unique experience it offers. For one thing, records are tangible, durable objects that you can own. Listening to music on vinyl also involves physically manipulating the disk and record player. This physicality may be appealing in a time when everything has moved online.

By extension, vinyl encourages long-form listening to whole records rather than individual songs since it’s difficult to locate exactly where each song starts and ends on a disk. For music fans, playing music on vinyl elevates the listening experience into something more special than just scrolling on your phone, tapping “play,” and letting the recommendation algorithm think for you.

Also important is the fact that you own the records you purchase, which isn’t always the case with music streaming and download services. For example, I can buy a record and lend it to my friend or resell it. On the other hand, if Spotify no longer pays to license my favorite song, it will disappear from my library, potentially requiring me to shift streaming services. Similarly, purchasing a song on iTunes does not allow me to lend it to a friend, or resell it when I lose interest.

For musicians, vinyl also offers massive benefits. The average payout per stream on Spotify is $0.004, which means that to earn $12,000 per year at the poverty line, it would take 3 million streams annually. While these figures are realistic for mega artists like Taylor Swift or Adele who can achieve an economy of scale, the ecosystem of streaming is simply so brutal for smaller musicians, even if they have tens of thousands of fans. Compared to streaming, record sales offer a significantly higher return. An artist can make around $3 to $5 per record sale, which means just one record sale is worth around 1,250 streams.

For fans, buying records is an effective option to financially support their artists, while getting a piece of merchandise that may increase in value. In fact, some collectors will even pay a fortune for rare records, like Ringo Starr’s copy of the Beatles’ White Album, which sold for $790,000 at auction.

The record resurgence, however, has also created some painful scenarios for musicians. As vinyl sales become more and more lucrative, large record companies have pounced on the opportunity to maximize profits. This has led to large artists placing orders for hundreds of thousands of records, taxing the global vinyl manufacturing industry.

Since the 1990s, most music released on vinyl was by indie [3] artists in smaller genres, like British jungle music or German minimal techno. But the relatively recent growth in record sales has not yet generated the capital investment in production capacity necessary to meet new demand. With fewer than 50 vinyl pressing plants in the US, even artists like Ed Sheeran are having to wait six months to receive records. Combined with surging demand from large retailers like Amazon for nostalgic rereleases like the Top Gun soundtrack or Fleetwood Mac’s Tusk, the vinyl resurgence has limited the potential for smaller artists to see their music on a record.

Vinyl records also present concerns for environmentally conscious consumers. While purchasing used records fits with the Three Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle), buying a new record comes with a significant carbon cost. PVC, the substance used to manufacture records, is a carcinogenic petrochemical that releases toxins when produced. These facts make streaming appear almost environmentally friendly. However, while streaming one album is less damaging to the environment than buying a record, the music industry’s greenhouse gas emissions have gone up due to the massive data and energy required to stream music 24/7. The individual gains in efficiency of streaming compared to CDs or vinyl have been canceled out by the massive increase in music consumption made possible by streaming.

Further effects of the vinyl renaissance en masse are hard to predict. While the resurgence of records has produced mixed economic and environmental outcomes, here is a question for you: will you join the vinyl renaissance?

*本教材是专爲使用Ringle学习英文的学员设计。