“As a result of the disaster at Fukushima, I am no longer nuclear-neutral. I now support the technology.”
–George Monbiot, an environmental activist, writing for The Guardian
Sidelined for years after the tragic events at Chernobyl and Fukushima, nuclear power is revisited by policy makers as a reliable source of energy. To meet ambitious climate goals, France and Britain are leading the pack of advocates in Europe. In 2021, Emmanuel Macron pledged to build on France’s nuclear energy project as part of a future investment plan worth € 30 billion. France also forged an alliance with Eastern European countries to pressure the European Union to classify nuclear energy as “sustainable” investment, which will unlock billions of euros of investment and state aid. Poland wants to end reliance on coal, while Rolls-Royce, a British jet-engine maker, plans to build small and efficient nuclear power stations to fight climate change.
This enthusiasm is not echoed through every part of Europe; Germany and Spain are against more nuclear energy in the energy mix. A few months after an earthquake and tsunami caused the Fukushima disaster, Germany announced a gradual phase out of nuclear power. It is now still wary of nuclear power facilities; instead, the nation wants to increase its reliance on renewable energy sources.
Perhaps nuclear energy is somewhat misunderstood in lay [1] perception. The point made by journalist and environmental activist George Monbiot, writing for the Guardian in 2011, is precisely this. Monbiot explains that despite the scale of the Fukushima accident, no one has yet received a lethal dose of radiation– at least to our knowledge. He further says that the dangers of radioactive pollution have been exaggerated, citing data published by xkcd.com: “the average total dose from the Three Mile Island disaster for someone living within 10 miles of the plant was one 655th of the maximum yearly amount permitted for US radiation workers.”
Beyond consideration of risk, there is growing recognition that complete reliance on solar and wind is a long shot. For one thing, the productivity of these energy sources depend on the weather. In 2016, Germany installed 11% more turbines and 4% more solar panels but the electricity from these sources decreased by 2% and 3% respectively. Energy experts couldn’t come up with any other explanation than that it was less sunny and windy that year.
More importantly, the market value of solar and wind power decreases with market penetration [2]. In other words, the more panels and turbines one installs, the less economic sense it makes. A study on the “Market Value of Variable Renewables” by Leon Hirth revealed that as market penetration of wind energy increases from 0 to 30%, its value factor decreases from 1.1 to 0.5. Similar values were reached for solar energy at 15% market penetration. Roughly speaking, the value factor was defined in the study as revenue over the market price of electricity generated by an energy source.
Nuclear power facilities have a lower land footprint than solar and wind energy as well. A 1,000-megawatt power plant can fit into one square mile. To put it into perspective, to generate the same amount of electricity, wind farms take up up to 360 times and solar farms 76 times more land.
However, this doesn’t mean nuclear power is all good. Just because the dangers of nuclear meltdowns are exaggerated, it doesn’t mean they are nonexistent. And treating radioactive waste is tricky. But these concerns may not be the biggest. The nuclear industry has been constantly innovating for safer production and waste disposal. A Harvard Business Review article, explains: “Newer generations of nuclear reactors, particularly what is called a pebble-bed reactor, are designed so that the nuclear chain reaction cannot run away and cause a meltdown–even in the event of complete failure of the reactor’s machinery.” Moreover, the radioactivity of waste produced by nuclear facilities is reduced to 0.1% of the initial fuel after about 50 years even without recycling. At least radioactive waste is contained; byproducts of burning fossil fuels are bodily absorbed.
While safety and environmental concerns have been the primary opposition in the past decade, the biggest hurdle now may be costs. Critics argue that nuclear plants are too expensive and long to build to be of any help to decarbonizing the power sector– these are often a multi-billion-dollar project. Jacopo Buongiorno, a nuclear scientist at MIT, concluded after two years of research with his team that “without cost reduction, nuclear energy will not play a significant role” in fighting against climate change.
All hope is not lost: the nuclear energy sector’s latest selling point has been a piece of technology involving small power plants, or scaled-down modular reactors. If successfully developed, smaller reactors would prove to be a more affordable and safer option.