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#Food
The Wonders of Fermented Foods
Rotten to some, but a delicacy to others
Updated: 2021.10.30
6 min read · Advanced
The Wonders of Fermented Foods

It’s well known that fermentation creates some of the most beloved foods around the world, like yogurt and beer. However, some of these foods are an acquired taste, and thus require experience to be appreciated.

When food is left out at room temperature, it starts to rot: microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast, start breaking down its structure and generate off-odors, eventually decomposing it completely. However, under the right circumstances, the food ferments instead: microorganisms do not cause decay but transform the food into something completely different to our liking.

During fermentation, microorganisms generate gas and alcohol, change the food’s texture, and even create acids and complex aromas. Some of the most popular and important food items would not exist without this magical process, including cheese, yogurt, beer, wine, soy sauce, kimchi, bread, and vinegar.

Many fermented foods are the product of an effort to extend shelf life[1] back when there was no refrigeration technology, while some others were discovered by accident.

A great example is kimchi. More than a thousand years ago in Korea, people discovered that the lifespan of vegetables was prolonged when salted, as the salt generally prohibits microorganisms’ activities. Still, some bacteria thrive in this condition. Besides making the vegetables more tender and easier to eat, they produce a spectrum of acids and flavor substances that taste nothing like the raw, salted cabbage before fermentation starts. Nowadays, people continue to salt cabbage and make kimchi for its unique taste, despite the readily available[2] high-tech refrigerators.

Cheese is another famous fermented food, with many speculating that the first cheese was accidentally created by ancient Arabs who had carried raw milk in animals’ stomachs, which naturally contain chemicals that curdle milk proteins. When raw milk is first curdled, it is quite bland and rubbery. With fermentation, the curdles become softer and savory, a taste sought after by many gourmands[3]. Cheese widely varies in texture and aromas, depending on the length of “ripening” and types of microorganisms working on the curdles.

For both kimchi and cheese, milder forms tend to have wider appeal, such as young cabbage kimchi or mozzarella. As fermentation continues, however, the flavor and smell intensify, often creating a very polarizing product. In certain regions of Korea, kimchi is left to ferment for over two years, making it extremely acidic and pungent[4]. Some cheeses are so pungent that they can be smelled from a distance away. One example is Epoisse de Bourgogne, French cheese from Burgundy fermented for 6 weeks in brandy, and its pungency has made the government ban the cheese from the French public transport system.

The strongest flavors and smells from fermentation are mostly produced by proteins that are abundant in foods like milk, beans, and fish. Stinky tofu and fermented fish, like strömming, are always highly ranked in the list of “the stinkiest foods in the world.” For those who actually enjoy such food, it is not just edible -- but makes one of their most cherished delicacies. How do some people love something that smells rotten to others?

Babies are born with an innate preference for sweet foods, while rejecting bitter and sour tastes. As they grow older, each person establishes a particular set of tastes they love--and hate. This establishment of a palate is influenced by many factors, one being familiarity. When someone is continuously exposed to a certain food that inherently tastes unpleasant, it could actually become palatable. This phenomenon is called an “acquired taste,” explaining why different cultural groups may have completely opposing preferences in taste or why adults are able to enjoy black coffee, which tastes extremely bitter to children.

Several studies suggest that acquiring a new taste is more complicated than repeatedly trying new flavors, though. In one experiment, the participants were asked to taste two identically-tasting drinks, with only one of them containing theobromine, a chemical compound known for health benefits. Although the compound itself did not have a perceivable taste, people showed a very strong preference for the drink with theobromine.

Fermentation is known to form an array of chemicals and compounds that are beneficial to our health. Perhaps this is the reason that fermentation has become inseparable from many countries’ culinary history and cultures: not only do our tongues find the taste intriguing, but our bodies also find it valuable. It is not surprising that fermentation has become a global culinary trend, being applied in modern food sectors to create new flavors and experiences. Watch out-- rotten shark may be the next food trend.

놀라운 발효음식

전세계적으로 사랑받는 요거트나 맥주 등의 음식이 발효를 통해 만들어진다는 것은 잘 알려진 사실입니다. 그러나 어떤 발효음식은 지나친 냄새 때문에 처음 대하는 사람들에게는 거부감을 줄 수 있고 자꾸 먹어봐야 제맛을 즐길 수 있기도 합니다.

음식이 실온에 방치되면 부패가 시작됩니다. 세균과 효모 등의 미생물들이 음식의 조직을 파괴하기 시작하면 악취가 풍기고 결국에는 완전히 분해되는 것입니다. 그러나 적정한 조건 하에서는 부패가 아니라 발효가 일어납니다. 즉, 미생물들이 음식을 썩게 만드는 것이 아니라 우리가 좋아할 만한 완전히 다른 것으로 변화시키는 것입니다.

발효가 진행되는 동안, 미생물은 가스와 알코올을 만들어 내고 음식의 질감을 바꾸고 여러 종류의 산과 복합적인 향미를 만들어냅니다. 이 마법같은 과정 없이는 치즈, 요거트, 맥주, 와인, 간장, 김치, 빵 그리고 식초 같은 대중적이고도 중요한 식품들은 존재할 수 없을겁니다.

어떤 발효음식은 우연히 발견된 경우도 있지만 대부분은 냉장 보관기술이 없던 시절, 음식의 보존기간을 늘리기 위한 노력의 결과였습니다.

김치가 아주 좋은 예입니다. 약 1천여 년 전, 한국인들은 소금이 미생물의 활동을 억제하기 때문에, 채소를 소금에 절이면 더욱 오래 보관할 수 있다는 것을 발견했습니다. 반면, 어떤 박테리아들은 오히려 이런 조건에서 더욱 활발해지기도 합니다. 이들은 채소의 조직을 더욱 연하게 하고 먹기 쉽게 만들 뿐만 아니라, 발효가 시작되기 전의 절인 생배추와는 전혀 다른 복합적인 산과 풍미를 만들어냅니다. 이 독특한 맛 때문에 최첨단 기술의 냉장고를 쉽게 구할 수 있는 현대에도 사람들은 아직까지 배추를 절여서 김치를 담그고 있습니다.

또 하나의 잘 알려진 발효식품은 치즈입니다. 치즈는 고대 아랍인들이 동물의 위로 만든 주머니에 우유를 넣어가지던 중 우연히 발견되었다고 추정됩니다. 동물의 위에는 당연히 우유의 단백질을 응고시키는 화학성분이 있었습니다. 막 분리 응고된 우유 덩어리들은 별맛이 없고 질기지만, 발효과정를 통해 미식가들이 찾는 부드러움과 풍미를 얻게 됩니다. 치즈의 질감과 냄새는 매우 다양하며 이는 치즈의 숙성기간과 발효를 담당하는 미생물의 종류에 의해 달라집니다.

김치와 치즈 모두 갓 담근 배추 김치나 모짜렐라처럼 좀 더 순한 맛이 더 많은 이들에게 인기가 있습니다. 발효가 계속되면 음식의 맛과 향은 점점 강해져서 결국 호불호가 확실히 갈리는 음식이 됩니다. 한국의 어떤 지역에서는 2년 넘게 김치를 묵히기도 하는데 이 묵은지는 굉장히 시고 맛과 냄새가 강합니다. 또 어떤 치즈들은 냄새가 너무 강해 아주 멀리서도 그 냄새를 맡을 수 있습니다. 에푸아스라는 치즈는 부르고뉴산 프랑스 치즈로 브랜디 속에서 약 6주간 숙성되는데, 이 치즈는 그 특유의 냄새가 너무 강렬해서 프랑스 정부로부터 대중교통 이용을 금지당할 정도입니다.

발효과정에서 가장 강한 향과 맛은 대부분 우유나 콩, 생선 등에 풍부한 단백질에서 나옵니다. 취두부나 청어 같은 발효 생선은 세계에서 가장 냄새가 고약한 음식 순위에서 항상 상위권을 차지합니다. 이런 음식을 즐기는 사람들은, 이들을 단순히 먹을 수 있는 음식 정도로 여기는 것이 아니라, 세상에서 제일 맛있는 별미 중 하나로 꼽습니다. 어떤 사람들에게는 썩은 악취가 나는 음식이, 어떻게 다른 이들에게는 즐기는 음식이 되는 것일까요?

아기들은 본능적으로 쓰고 신맛은 거부하고 단맛을 좋아하는 경향을 가지고 태어납니다. 점점 자라고 나이가 들면서 사람들에게는 각자 좋아하는 맛과 싫어하는 맛이 생깁니다. 이러한 입맛의 형성은 많은 요소들의 영향을 받는데 그 중 하나는 친숙함입니다. 본질적으로 맛이 썩 좋지 않은 음식도 계속해서 먹다 보면 맛있게 느껴질 수 있습니다. 이런 현상은 “후천적 입맛”이라고 하며 왜 서로 다른 문화권들이 전혀 다른 맛을 선호하게 되는지, 혹은 왜 어린아이에게는 굉장히 쓰게 느껴지는 블랙커피가 어른들이 즐겨 마시는 것이 되는지를 설명해줍니다.

몇몇 연구에 따르면 후천적으로 새로운 맛을 즐기게 되는 것은 단순히 새로운 음식을 반복해서 먹는 것보다 좀 더 복잡한 과정이라고 합니다. 한 실험에서는 참가자들에게 똑같은 맛의 두 가지 음료를 맛보도록 했고 그 중 한쪽에만 건강에 유익하다고 알려진 테오브로민이라는 물질을 넣었습니다. 이 물질 자체에는 아무런 맛이 없음에도 불구하고, 사람들은 테오브로민이 들어있는 음료를 선호하는 경향이 훨씬 높은 것으로 나타났습니다.

발효음식은 우리의 건강에 이로운 여러 화학물과 복합물들을 만들어낸다고 알려져 있습니다. 아마도 이 때문에 발효가 여러 나라의 음식 역사와 문화에서 뗄레야 뗄 수 없는 자리를 차지하는 것이 아닐까 합니다. 즉 우리의 입이 이런 음식의 맛에 매료될 뿐만 아니라 우리의 몸도 이 음식들이 건강에 좋다는 것을 알기 때문입니다. 현대 요리 분야에서 발효가 새로운 맛과 경험을 창조하는데 적극 활용되면서, 이 기법이 세계적인 식문화의 유행으로 떠오르게 된 것은 결코 놀라운 일이 아닙니다. 조심하세요- 이제 곧 썩은 상어고기가 유행하게 될지도 모르니까요.

Discussion Questions
Q1
In your own words, please briefly summarize the article.
Q2
Before reading this article, how much did you know about fermented food?
Q3
What are some of your favorite fermented foods, especially from your country?
Q4
Do you prefer foods with mild tastes or strong tastes?
Q5
Is there any food you didn’t like as a child but love now?
Q6
Are there foods you eat for their health effects? Do they also taste good?
Q7
Would you try Iceland’s rotten shark if you had the chance (Refer to the “Eating Rotten Shark” video)?
Q8
If you have a question or questions that you'd like to discuss during your class, please write them down.
Expressions
shelf life
the length of time a product may be stored without becoming unsuitable for use
例句
1

Be careful of buying fruits in bulk because their shelf life is short.

例句
2

The shelf life of fresh dairy products is generally very short.

readily available
able to be used or obtained quickly and easily
例句
1

Dating apps make a date readily available.

例句
2

The red wine you inquired about is readily available at our other restaurant across the street.

gourmand
a person who is fond of good eating
例句
1

Michelin star restaurants are no longer only for gourmands.

例句
2

The new Mexican place down the street has become really popular among the gourmands in the neighborhood.

pungent
sharply affecting the organs of taste or smell
例句
1

Throw that fish away! It smells pungent; it must be rotten.

例句
2

That cheese might seem too pungent when you open it, but it tastes amazing.

본 교재는 당사 편집진이 제작하는 링글의 자산으로 저작권법에 의해 보호됩니다. 링글 플랫폼 외에서 자료를 활용하시는 경우 당사와 사전 협의가 필요합니다.

It’s well known that fermentation creates some of the most beloved foods around the world, like yogurt and beer. However, some of these foods are an acquired taste, and thus require experience to be appreciated.

When food is left out at room temperature, it starts to rot: microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast, start breaking down its structure and generate off-odors, eventually decomposing it completely. However, under the right circumstances, the food ferments instead: microorganisms do not cause decay but transform the food into something completely different to our liking.

During fermentation, microorganisms generate gas and alcohol, change the food’s texture, and even create acids and complex aromas. Some of the most popular and important food items would not exist without this magical process, including cheese, yogurt, beer, wine, soy sauce, kimchi, bread, and vinegar.

Many fermented foods are the product of an effort to extend shelf life[1] back when there was no refrigeration technology, while some others were discovered by accident.

A great example is kimchi. More than a thousand years ago in Korea, people discovered that the lifespan of vegetables was prolonged when salted, as the salt generally prohibits microorganisms’ activities. Still, some bacteria thrive in this condition. Besides making the vegetables more tender and easier to eat, they produce a spectrum of acids and flavor substances that taste nothing like the raw, salted cabbage before fermentation starts. Nowadays, people continue to salt cabbage and make kimchi for its unique taste, despite the readily available[2] high-tech refrigerators.

Cheese is another famous fermented food, with many speculating that the first cheese was accidentally created by ancient Arabs who had carried raw milk in animals’ stomachs, which naturally contain chemicals that curdle milk proteins. When raw milk is first curdled, it is quite bland and rubbery. With fermentation, the curdles become softer and savory, a taste sought after by many gourmands[3]. Cheese widely varies in texture and aromas, depending on the length of “ripening” and types of microorganisms working on the curdles.

For both kimchi and cheese, milder forms tend to have wider appeal, such as young cabbage kimchi or mozzarella. As fermentation continues, however, the flavor and smell intensify, often creating a very polarizing product. In certain regions of Korea, kimchi is left to ferment for over two years, making it extremely acidic and pungent[4]. Some cheeses are so pungent that they can be smelled from a distance away. One example is Epoisse de Bourgogne, French cheese from Burgundy fermented for 6 weeks in brandy, and its pungency has made the government ban the cheese from the French public transport system.

The strongest flavors and smells from fermentation are mostly produced by proteins that are abundant in foods like milk, beans, and fish. Stinky tofu and fermented fish, like strömming, are always highly ranked in the list of “the stinkiest foods in the world.” For those who actually enjoy such food, it is not just edible -- but makes one of their most cherished delicacies. How do some people love something that smells rotten to others?

Babies are born with an innate preference for sweet foods, while rejecting bitter and sour tastes. As they grow older, each person establishes a particular set of tastes they love--and hate. This establishment of a palate is influenced by many factors, one being familiarity. When someone is continuously exposed to a certain food that inherently tastes unpleasant, it could actually become palatable. This phenomenon is called an “acquired taste,” explaining why different cultural groups may have completely opposing preferences in taste or why adults are able to enjoy black coffee, which tastes extremely bitter to children.

Several studies suggest that acquiring a new taste is more complicated than repeatedly trying new flavors, though. In one experiment, the participants were asked to taste two identically-tasting drinks, with only one of them containing theobromine, a chemical compound known for health benefits. Although the compound itself did not have a perceivable taste, people showed a very strong preference for the drink with theobromine.

Fermentation is known to form an array of chemicals and compounds that are beneficial to our health. Perhaps this is the reason that fermentation has become inseparable from many countries’ culinary history and cultures: not only do our tongues find the taste intriguing, but our bodies also find it valuable. It is not surprising that fermentation has become a global culinary trend, being applied in modern food sectors to create new flavors and experiences. Watch out-- rotten shark may be the next food trend.

*本教材是专爲使用Ringle学习英文的学员设计。