It’s well known that fermentation creates some of the most beloved foods around the world, like yogurt and beer. However, some of these foods are an acquired taste, and thus require experience to be appreciated.
When food is left out at room temperature, it starts to rot: microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast, start breaking down its structure and generate off-odors, eventually decomposing it completely. However, under the right circumstances, the food ferments instead: microorganisms do not cause decay but transform the food into something completely different to our liking.
During fermentation, microorganisms generate gas and alcohol, change the food’s texture, and even create acids and complex aromas. Some of the most popular and important food items would not exist without this magical process, including cheese, yogurt, beer, wine, soy sauce, kimchi, bread, and vinegar.
Many fermented foods are the product of an effort to extend shelf life[1] back when there was no refrigeration technology, while some others were discovered by accident.
A great example is kimchi. More than a thousand years ago in Korea, people discovered that the lifespan of vegetables was prolonged when salted, as the salt generally prohibits microorganisms’ activities. Still, some bacteria thrive in this condition. Besides making the vegetables more tender and easier to eat, they produce a spectrum of acids and flavor substances that taste nothing like the raw, salted cabbage before fermentation starts. Nowadays, people continue to salt cabbage and make kimchi for its unique taste, despite the readily available[2] high-tech refrigerators.
Cheese is another famous fermented food, with many speculating that the first cheese was accidentally created by ancient Arabs who had carried raw milk in animals’ stomachs, which naturally contain chemicals that curdle milk proteins. When raw milk is first curdled, it is quite bland and rubbery. With fermentation, the curdles become softer and savory, a taste sought after by many gourmands[3]. Cheese widely varies in texture and aromas, depending on the length of “ripening” and types of microorganisms working on the curdles.
For both kimchi and cheese, milder forms tend to have wider appeal, such as young cabbage kimchi or mozzarella. As fermentation continues, however, the flavor and smell intensify, often creating a very polarizing product. In certain regions of Korea, kimchi is left to ferment for over two years, making it extremely acidic and pungent[4]. Some cheeses are so pungent that they can be smelled from a distance away. One example is Epoisse de Bourgogne, French cheese from Burgundy fermented for 6 weeks in brandy, and its pungency has made the government ban the cheese from the French public transport system.
The strongest flavors and smells from fermentation are mostly produced by proteins that are abundant in foods like milk, beans, and fish. Stinky tofu and fermented fish, like strömming, are always highly ranked in the list of “the stinkiest foods in the world.” For those who actually enjoy such food, it is not just edible -- but makes one of their most cherished delicacies. How do some people love something that smells rotten to others?
Babies are born with an innate preference for sweet foods, while rejecting bitter and sour tastes. As they grow older, each person establishes a particular set of tastes they love--and hate. This establishment of a palate is influenced by many factors, one being familiarity. When someone is continuously exposed to a certain food that inherently tastes unpleasant, it could actually become palatable. This phenomenon is called an “acquired taste,” explaining why different cultural groups may have completely opposing preferences in taste or why adults are able to enjoy black coffee, which tastes extremely bitter to children.
Several studies suggest that acquiring a new taste is more complicated than repeatedly trying new flavors, though. In one experiment, the participants were asked to taste two identically-tasting drinks, with only one of them containing theobromine, a chemical compound known for health benefits. Although the compound itself did not have a perceivable taste, people showed a very strong preference for the drink with theobromine.
Fermentation is known to form an array of chemicals and compounds that are beneficial to our health. Perhaps this is the reason that fermentation has become inseparable from many countries’ culinary history and cultures: not only do our tongues find the taste intriguing, but our bodies also find it valuable. It is not surprising that fermentation has become a global culinary trend, being applied in modern food sectors to create new flavors and experiences. Watch out-- rotten shark may be the next food trend.