How often have you uttered [1] phrases like: “I love it,” when speaking with your children?
It's a phrase I've uttered countless times, typically in response to a new offering from our familyʼs artist-in-residence, also known as my 6-year-old daughter. Iʼm being honest — it's a treat when she dedicates her work to me, and I take a fatherly pride in her choice of colors and attention to detail. But it turns out, I'm also undermining [2] her efforts, by putting myself, and my approval, at the center of the conversation.
Even though it seems the appropriate remark, by uttering “I love it,” a child might become overly fixated on the outcome. She might feel performance anxiety. He might question the conditionality of your love. (“If Iʼm a smart boy when I do this, I must be a stupid boy when I donʼt.”) He might become more motivated by a parentʼs pleasure than by the process that led to it. Future crayon masterpieces might become less fun for him to create — or disappear altogether when they're not as highly praised.
Hereʼs a researched guide to praising — or not praising — your child.
Pay close attention to your childʼs process.
Of course, there are only so many times you can say, “You must have worked really hard on that!” To provide meaningful process praise, you have to pay attention to the process itself.
Kyla Haimovitz, Ph.D., a learning engineer at the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative who co-wrote a 2017 paper on the topic with Dr. Dweck, said that praise doesnʼt have to be immediate. If your child is working on a drawing, for example, you donʼt need to comment on every color selection. Wait until the end, when your child shows you the drawing, and then say something like, “Ooh, I see you chose to put the purple next to the brown — thatʼs so interesting!”
“You can instead ask them about their process to be able to praise their learning process,” Dr. Haimovitz said. “It also allows the children to evaluate themselves, rather than have an external evaluation.” In other words, your questions will in turn encourage your child to ask him or herself those same questions, sparking curiosity and exploration.
Praise what your child has control over.
We communicate our values through praise, according to Patricia Smiley, Ph.D., a professor of psychological science at Pomona College in Claremont, Calif. One of those values is autonomy, so it's helpful to praise what your child has control over, such as the choices they made along the way of solving a problem or drawing a picture. This helps keep expectations realistic, she said, and it also encourages them to continue doing the activity. “It goes to the intrinsic interests of the child,” Dr. Smiley said. “A parent says, ʻI see.ʼ It can make the child feel like, ʻOoh, what Iʼm doing is fun, and my parent thinks itʼs fun, too.ʼ They connect a parentʼs good feeling with their own good feeling.”
Jennifer Henderlong Corpus, Ph.D., a professor of psychology at Reed College in Portland, Ore., who runs the Childrenʼs Motivation Project, and Kayla A. Good, a Ph.D. candidate at Stanford University, write in their chapter of the book “Psychological Perspectives on Praise” that this can also increase your childʼs enjoyment of praiseworthy [3] behaviors. Saying, “Wow — it looks like you really enjoyed that project!” they write, focuses on your childʼs self- determined reasons for engaging in a task. As they note, this kind of praise has been shown to predict enjoyment, engagement and performance at school and even in sports. By contrast, they write, interviews with elementary school students revealed frustration with praise that undermined their sense of agency [4]— for example, crediting innate traits such as being smart, rather than demonstrable choices, like persistence.
Donʼt praise by comparison.
It can be tempting to praise a childʼs achievement by casually comparing her with others (“Wow, you jumped in the water all by yourself when your friend was too scared!”). Not only does this foster an unnecessary sense of competition, but Dr. Corpus and Goodʼs research suggests that it doesnʼt actually motivate younger children.
Rather than praise, offer descriptive feedback.
In their parenting book, “How to Talk So Kids Will Listen & Listen So Kids Will Talk,” Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish introduced the concept of descriptive feedback in 1980 (the book was updated in 2012). Your child might do something praiseworthy, but rather than compliment it — which can turn achievement into something done for your approval — merely describe the action you saw. This in turn might encourage your child to consider and even discuss the thinking that went into their artwork. Itʼs similar to how asking “How was your day at school?” often results in silence, while saying something like, “I noticed a colorful drawing in your backpack” might invite your daughter to provide you with her commentary.
I donʼt always get it right — “I love it!” is still my immediate, and authentic, response — but Iʼm working on it. And so is she.