On February 24, 2022, under President Vladimir Putin's order, Russia launched a large-scale military invasion against Ukraine. The world responded in solidarity with Ukraine, and landmarks including the Empire State Building and Eiffel Tower lit up with the colors of Ukraine’s flag, projecting blue and yellow into the sky. But why did Putin start a war that would face this level of opprobrium [1]?
"The West must understand that, to Russia, Ukraine can never be just a foreign country," Henry Kissinger, now former Secretary of State, told the Washington Post. Both countries find their origins in Kyivan Rus, a loose medieval federation of the Eastern Slavs. The capital of Ukraine inherited its name from "Kiev," while "Rus" is considered an archaic [2] form of "Russia."
It is this shared history from which Putin draws his justification—most notably expressed in his 5,000-word essay, "On the historical unity of Russians and Ukrainians." Putin claims that Ukraine has never been an independent sovereign state but a part of Russia. In a recent interview, he said, "Modern Ukraine was entirely and fully created by Russia, more specifically the Bolshevik, communist Russia … This process began immediately after the 1917 revolution, and moreover, Lenin and his associates did it in the sloppiest way in relation to Russia, by dividing, tearing from her pieces of her own historical territory."
Russia also expresses practical, non-ideological terms for annexing the rest of Ukraine after they forcefully annexed Crimea, a pro-Russian region of Ukraine, in 2014. As part of the Soviet Union, Ukraine was a major economic hub. Today, despite boasting the largest percentage of world landmass, trade ships can only easily enter into Russia through Ukraine. So, the acquisition of Ukraine would bring new industries to Russia, and make it even easier to trade with the world
Since the mid-2000s, Ukraine has sought membership with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Article V of the treaty states that “an attack against one ally is considered an attack against all allies.” For this reason, Ukraine has long hoped to join NATO in order to protect its territory and security from external threats like Russia.
This, on the other hand, poses a great security threat to Russia. Russia has long been opposed to NATO's advance into Eastern Europe; seven Eastern countries joined NATO in 2004. If Ukraine comes under NATO influence, Russia will end up sharing borders with NATO forces directly. If Ukraine successfully becomes part of NATO, any attempt by Russia to annex [3] Ukraine would spark a global war as per NATO’s founding treaty.
As mentioned previously, Russia has strong economic interests with Ukraine. Ukraine has long been called Europe's breadbasket as it produces 12% of the world's wheat exports and 16% of corn. Additionally, one of Ukraine's main sources of income is tolls for natural gas pipelines supplied by Russia to Europe. Ukraine has often had disputes with Russia over pipeline toll increases, which inconveniences Russia’s steady supply of gas to the rest of Europe.
Contrary to Putin's initial expectations, Ukraine's resistance is fierce, and everyday countries around the world are imposing severe economic sanctions on Russia. Regardless of how this war proceeds, one thing that is clear is that the ordinary people of Ukraine and Russia will suffer the most.