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#Culture
Finally Embracing the Local Flavors
Seoul has never been more Korean
Updated: 2022.04.13
6 min read · Intermediate
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Finally Embracing the Local Flavors

For a very long time, fancy dining in Seoul was limited to steak and pasta. As chefs return home from abroad with experience from the world’s top restaurants, many restaurants now showcase sophisticated, new Korean food that has strong roots in traditional cooking.

In Korea, before modern times, eating was mainly for survival. Fancy cooking and table setting were for the royals in the palace, and talented men and women were called in to cook countless dishes of banchan (side dishes) with seasonal delicacies from around the country.

When the Joseon Dynasty fell under the control of Japan in 1905, many of these palace cooks were released and some found jobs at local restaurants. By the 1890s, the Japanese had already brought a type of fancy restaurant over to Korea. These restaurants, called ryoriya (yojeong in Korean), served very fine food with geishas to entertain their guests. As these restaurants became popular, some of the cooks who had previously worked for the royals opened their own ryoriya and reproduced the feasts they used to cook for the king. The public never had had access to the king’s meals in the past, so it soon became a hit among those (mostly aristocrats and nobles) who could afford [1] it.

Although generally unavailable to the average person, the restaurant business flourished in Korea, and the Ninth Gate Grille, opened in 1924, served French cuisine for the first time. Some of these restaurants survived the long years of turmoil [2] on the Korean Peninsula through the independence movement and the Korean War, and the restaurant business continued to grow after the war. However, many of the new dining establishments served Western food, partially due to the large foreign influence during the war period.

Eventually, the once very successful ryoriyas began to close their doors having gained a negative image from occasionally offering prostitution. In addition, for the general public in South Korea, dining out was a luxury unimaginable amidst the social and cultural fallout from the War. To attract wealthy customers, Western restaurants in Korea polished their decor and fancied up the dishes, while Korean food remained casual and rustic [3] both at home and taverns.

During the 1988 Summer Olympics, Seoul hosted visitors from all over the world; the restaurant industry greatly expanded and their chefs gained popularity. More people wanted to become professional chefs, and in response to the spike in demand for culinary education, culinary majors and schools were established across the country in the 1990s. In the 2000s, traveling overseas to attend prestigious culinary schools, like the Culinary Institute of America, became very popular.

To hone their skills, these aspiring chefs got jobs at Michelin starred restaurants in cities like Paris and New York upon graduation, while big names in the culinary world, like Pierre Gagnaire, began opening branches in Seoul. This indicated the growing potential of the fine dining industry in Korea, generating much excitement among chefs and the public. Around this time, cooking shows flooded the media and celebrity chefs like Edward Kwon and Hyun-Seok Choi received much attention.

Seeing opportunities back home, chefs who had trained abroad for years came back to open their own restaurants. Initially, most of them offered French and Italian cuisine based on their culinary education and work experiences. Also, consumers were still much more willing to pay high prices for Western food. However, as Korea’s GDP increased and more people could afford expensive restaurants, these fine dining restaurants inevitably embraced elements of Korean cuisine for several reasons. First, they had to appeal to a larger population of Korean diners who were unfamiliar with foreign ingredients like foie gras and caviar. Also, trendsetters in the industry were looking for something new, and incorporating traditional ingredients or cooking methods into Western dishes was an easy way to satisfy early influencers.

Last but most importantly, some of those Korean chefs who spent years studying foreign food and cooking had always yearned to eventually master their motherland’s cuisine. Without formal programs to study Korean traditional cooking, they each found a way to learn doenjang and kimchi making by visiting different artisans and organizations. In this process, fermentation techniques were refined and local herbs were rediscovered by some of the most skilled contemporary chefs in Korea. Starting with Jungsik in 2011, a number of modern Korean restaurants, including Mingles and Kwonsooksoo, achieved critical acclaim and publicity for their fresh takes on familiar flavors. Modern Korean became a very popular genre, and finally the first Michelin guide for Seoul was published in 2016, giving out stars to 24 restaurants.

The 2022 list includes 33 Michelen-starred restaurants—although only a handful are officially categorized as “Korean,” it's impossible to find a place that does not utilize Korean flavors and local ingredients. Korean cuisine is finally back at the center of the table, with more diversity and pride than ever.

다시 우리 맛을 찾는 서울

오랫동안 서울에서의 고급 외식은 스테이크와 파스타에 한정되어 있었습니다. 세계 최고의 레스토랑에서 경험을 쌓은 셰프들이 고국으로 돌아오면서 이제 많은 레스토랑들이 한국 전통 요리에 기반을 둔 세련된 새로운 한식을 선보이고 있습니다.

근대 이전의 한국에서, 먹는다는 것은 주로 생존을 위한 것이었습니다. 근사한 요리와 상차림은 궁궐의 왕족들을 위한 것이었고, 음식솜씨 좋은 남녀들은 궁으로 불려들어가 전국의 사철 진미로 갖가지 반찬을 만들었습니다.

1905년 조선왕조가 일본에게 무너지며 대부분의 궁중 요리사들은 출궁했고, 이들 중 일부는 근방의 식당에서 일하게 되었습니다. 1890년대에 일본인들은 이미 고급 식당의 한 형태, 료리야(한국어로는 요정)라고 불리는 식당을 한국으로 들여왔습니다. 손님을 접대하는 기생이 있는 이 식당은 화려한 요리를 내놓았습니다. 이런 식당들이 차츰 인기를 얻자 이전에 궁궐에서 일하던 몇몇 요리사들은 자기들이 직접 요정을 열고 왕에게 내놓던 수라상의 음식들을 재현했습니다. 과거에 일반인들은 왕이 먹던 음식을 접할 기회가 전혀 없었기 때문에, 이런 식당은 비싼 식사비용을 지불할 수 있던 양반이나 귀족과 같은 상위층들 사이에서 인기를 얻게 되었습니다.

일반인들은 접하기 어려웠음에도 불구하고 레스토랑 산업은 한국에서 빠르게 성장했고 1924년 나인스 게이트 그릴이라는 첫 프랑스 레스토랑이 문을 열었습니다. 그리고 일부 레스토랑들은 한반도에서 독립운동과 한국전쟁이 거쳐간 혼란의 시대를 살아남았고 전쟁 이후에도 레스토랑 산업은 꾸준히 성장했습니다. 하지만 새로운 레스토랑들은 대개 서양음식을 내놓았고 이는 전쟁 시기에 유입된 외국문물의 영향이기도 합니다.

한창 성행했던 요정들은 일부 매춘과 얽힌 부정적인 이미지로 인해 하나둘씩 문을 닫게 되었습니다. 그리고 전쟁으로 인해 사회적, 문화적으로 피폐해진 와중에 대중에게 외식은 꿈도 꾸지 못할 사치에 불과했습니다. 부유한 손님들을 끌어들이기 위해 서양 레스토랑들이 실내를 더 화려하게 장식하고 더욱 고급스러운 음식을 내놓는 반면 가정이나 주막 등에서 먹는 한식은 여전히 평범하고 소박한 수준에 머물러 있었습니다.

1988년 올림픽을 개최하며 서울은 전세계에서 오는 방문객을 맞이하게 되었습니다. 이 기간 동안 레스토랑 산업은 눈에 띄게 발전하며 셰프들이 인기를 얻었습니다. 전문 요리사가 되고 싶어하는 사람들이 늘어났고 요리기술 교육에 대한 수요가 급증하자 1990년대에는 요리전문학과와 전문학교가 전국적으로 생겨났습니다. 2000년대에는 컬리너리 인스티튜트 오브 아메리카(CIA) 등과 같이 세계적으로 저명한 요리학교로 유학을 가는 것이 크게 유행했습니다.

실력을 연마하기 위해 예비 셰프들이 졸업 후 파리나 뉴욕 같은 대도시의 미슐랭 레스토랑에 자리를 잡는 한편, 피에르 가니에르 등 요리계의 거장들은 서울에 분점을 내기 시작했습니다. 이런 추세는 한국에도 고급 외식산업의 성장 잠재성이 있다는 것을 의미하며 한국의 셰프와 대중들에게 큰 기대를 불러일으켰습니다. 이즈음 요리 프로그램들이 미디어에서 대거 등장해서 에드워드 권이나 최현석과 같은 스타셰프들이 명성을 얻게 되었습니다.

수년간 외국에서 훈련한 셰프들은 고국에서의 가능성을 보고 레스토랑을 열기 위해 귀국했습니다. 초기에 이들 대부분은 자신들의 교육과 경험을 살려 주로 프랑스와 이탈리아 음식을 내었습니다. 손님들도 아직은 서양음식에 더 많은 비용을 지불할 의향이 있기도 했습니다. 그러나 한국의 국민총생산이 늘어나고 더 많은 사람들이 외식할 경제적 여유가 생기자, 기존의 파인다이닝 레스토랑들은 몇 가지 이유로 인해 한식 요소들을 도입할 수밖에 없게 되었습니다. 우선 레스토랑들은 푸아그라나 캐비아처럼 외국식재료가 낯선 넓은 대중들의 관심을 끌어야 했습니다. 또한 외식업에서 유행을 주도하는 이들은 늘 새로운 것을 찾고 있었으며 서양음식에 한국의 전통적인 재료나 조리법을 혼용하는 것은 그런 초기 인플루언서들을 만족시키기 쉬운 방법이었습니다.

마지막이자 가장 중요한 이유는 몇년간 외국에 나가 다른 문화의 음식과 요리를 배운 셰프들은 늘 고국의 음식에 대해 공부해보고자 하는 열망을 지니고 있었다는 것입니다. 전통 한식 요리법에 대해 배울 수 있는 정식 교육 프로그램이 없는 상태에서, 그들은 된장과 김치 만드는 법을 배우기 위해 장인들과 기관들을 찾아다니며 각각 길을 개척했습니다. 이 과정에서 한국의 가장 숙련된 현대의 셰프들은 발효기법을 다듬고 산지 나물들의 맛을 재발견했습니다. 2011년 정식당을 시작으로, 밍글스와 권숙수 등의 많은 현대식 한식 레스토랑들은 친숙한 맛에 전혀 색다른 요소를 더하는 등 한식의 재해석을 통해 평론가들의 호평을 받고 대중들 사이에서도 널리 알려지게 되었습니다. 현대판 한식은 인기있는 음식의 한 종류가 되었고 마침내 2016년, 총 24개 레스토랑에 미슐랭별을 수여하며 서울의 첫 미슐랭 가이드가 발간되었습니다.

2022년의 미슐랭 리스트는 33군데로 늘어났습니다. 여기서 일부만 “한식”으로 정식 분류되기는 하지만 이들 중 한국의 맛과 한국의 재료를 사용하지 않는 곳을 찾는 것은 불가능합니다. 마침내 한식이 더 다양해진 형태로 더 자랑스럽게 우리의 식탁 한가운데로 돌아온 것입니다.

Discussion Questions
Q1
In your own words, please briefly summarize the article.
Q2
Why did most early restaurants in Korea serve only Western food?
Q3
How did chefs start getting popular among the public after the 1980s?
Q4
What were the major reasons that restaurants began to take on the elements of Korean cuisine?
Q5
What are some of the fanciest Korean foods you have eaten? Did you enjoy them?
Q6
Have you visited any modern Korean restaurants, especially those listed in the Michelin guide?
Q7
If you have a question or questions that you'd like to discuss during your class, please write them down.
Expressions
afford
(금전적/시간적)형편이 되다
have (a certain amount of something, especially money or time) available or to spare
예문
1

The beautiful ring was much more expensive than she could afford.

그 아름다운 반지는 그녀가 감당할 수 있는 금액보다 훨씬 더 비쌌다.

예문
2

The kinds of dining establishments that he patronizes regularly, I wouldn’t be able to afford.

그가 정기적으로 단골로 가는 식당들을 내가 갈 여유는 없을 것이다.

turmoil
소동과 혼란, 불확실 등이 가득한 상태
a state of great disturbance, confusion, or uncertainty
예문
1

He is feeling much better today after the turmoil of the last couple of weeks.

지난 몇주간 혼란을 겪고 나서 오늘 그는 기분이 좀 나아졌다.

예문
2

There has been an ongoing state of turmoil in the region, so I’d avoid it if you’re traveling.

그 지역에 혼란이 계속되고 있기 때문에, 여행 중이신 분들은 피해 주셨으면 합니다.

rustic
평범하고 단순하게 만들어진; 세련되지 않은
made in a plain and simple fashion; unsophisticated
예문
1

The Korean restaurant has a rustic charm that reminds me of my grandmother's kitchen.

그 한식당은 우리 할머니의 부엌을 떠올리게 만드는 소박한 매력이 있다.

예문
2

I spent a night at an NYC hotel that had a mix of rustic charm and modernism—it was a strange experience.

나는 촌스러운 매력과 모더니즘이 혼합된 뉴욕 호텔에서 하룻밤을 보냈다. 그것은 이상한 경험이었다.

본 교재는 당사 편집진이 제작하는 링글의 자산으로 저작권법에 의해 보호됩니다. 링글 플랫폼 외에서 자료를 활용하시는 경우 당사와 사전 협의가 필요합니다.

For a very long time, fancy dining in Seoul was limited to steak and pasta. As chefs return home from abroad with experience from the world’s top restaurants, many restaurants now showcase sophisticated, new Korean food that has strong roots in traditional cooking.

In Korea, before modern times, eating was mainly for survival. Fancy cooking and table setting were for the royals in the palace, and talented men and women were called in to cook countless dishes of banchan (side dishes) with seasonal delicacies from around the country.

When the Joseon Dynasty fell under the control of Japan in 1905, many of these palace cooks were released and some found jobs at local restaurants. By the 1890s, the Japanese had already brought a type of fancy restaurant over to Korea. These restaurants, called ryoriya (yojeong in Korean), served very fine food with geishas to entertain their guests. As these restaurants became popular, some of the cooks who had previously worked for the royals opened their own ryoriya and reproduced the feasts they used to cook for the king. The public never had had access to the king’s meals in the past, so it soon became a hit among those (mostly aristocrats and nobles) who could afford [1] it.

Although generally unavailable to the average person, the restaurant business flourished in Korea, and the Ninth Gate Grille, opened in 1924, served French cuisine for the first time. Some of these restaurants survived the long years of turmoil [2] on the Korean Peninsula through the independence movement and the Korean War, and the restaurant business continued to grow after the war. However, many of the new dining establishments served Western food, partially due to the large foreign influence during the war period.

Eventually, the once very successful ryoriyas began to close their doors having gained a negative image from occasionally offering prostitution. In addition, for the general public in South Korea, dining out was a luxury unimaginable amidst the social and cultural fallout from the War. To attract wealthy customers, Western restaurants in Korea polished their decor and fancied up the dishes, while Korean food remained casual and rustic [3] both at home and taverns.

During the 1988 Summer Olympics, Seoul hosted visitors from all over the world; the restaurant industry greatly expanded and their chefs gained popularity. More people wanted to become professional chefs, and in response to the spike in demand for culinary education, culinary majors and schools were established across the country in the 1990s. In the 2000s, traveling overseas to attend prestigious culinary schools, like the Culinary Institute of America, became very popular.

To hone their skills, these aspiring chefs got jobs at Michelin starred restaurants in cities like Paris and New York upon graduation, while big names in the culinary world, like Pierre Gagnaire, began opening branches in Seoul. This indicated the growing potential of the fine dining industry in Korea, generating much excitement among chefs and the public. Around this time, cooking shows flooded the media and celebrity chefs like Edward Kwon and Hyun-Seok Choi received much attention.

Seeing opportunities back home, chefs who had trained abroad for years came back to open their own restaurants. Initially, most of them offered French and Italian cuisine based on their culinary education and work experiences. Also, consumers were still much more willing to pay high prices for Western food. However, as Korea’s GDP increased and more people could afford expensive restaurants, these fine dining restaurants inevitably embraced elements of Korean cuisine for several reasons. First, they had to appeal to a larger population of Korean diners who were unfamiliar with foreign ingredients like foie gras and caviar. Also, trendsetters in the industry were looking for something new, and incorporating traditional ingredients or cooking methods into Western dishes was an easy way to satisfy early influencers.

Last but most importantly, some of those Korean chefs who spent years studying foreign food and cooking had always yearned to eventually master their motherland’s cuisine. Without formal programs to study Korean traditional cooking, they each found a way to learn doenjang and kimchi making by visiting different artisans and organizations. In this process, fermentation techniques were refined and local herbs were rediscovered by some of the most skilled contemporary chefs in Korea. Starting with Jungsik in 2011, a number of modern Korean restaurants, including Mingles and Kwonsooksoo, achieved critical acclaim and publicity for their fresh takes on familiar flavors. Modern Korean became a very popular genre, and finally the first Michelin guide for Seoul was published in 2016, giving out stars to 24 restaurants.

The 2022 list includes 33 Michelen-starred restaurants—although only a handful are officially categorized as “Korean,” it's impossible to find a place that does not utilize Korean flavors and local ingredients. Korean cuisine is finally back at the center of the table, with more diversity and pride than ever.

*본 교재는 당사 편집진이 제작하는 링글의 자산으로, 저작권법에 의해 보호됩니다. 링글 플랫폼 외에서 자료를 활용하시는 경우, 당사와 사전 협의가 필요합니다.