For a very long time, fancy dining in Seoul was limited to steak and pasta. As chefs return home from abroad with experience from the world’s top restaurants, many restaurants now showcase sophisticated, new Korean food that has strong roots in traditional cooking.
In Korea, before modern times, eating was mainly for survival. Fancy cooking and table setting were for the royals in the palace, and talented men and women were called in to cook countless dishes of banchan (side dishes) with seasonal delicacies from around the country.
When the Joseon Dynasty fell under the control of Japan in 1905, many of these palace cooks were released and some found jobs at local restaurants. By the 1890s, the Japanese had already brought a type of fancy restaurant over to Korea. These restaurants, called ryoriya (yojeong in Korean), served very fine food with geishas to entertain their guests. As these restaurants became popular, some of the cooks who had previously worked for the royals opened their own ryoriya and reproduced the feasts they used to cook for the king. The public never had had access to the king’s meals in the past, so it soon became a hit among those (mostly aristocrats and nobles) who could afford [1] it.
Although generally unavailable to the average person, the restaurant business flourished in Korea, and the Ninth Gate Grille, opened in 1924, served French cuisine for the first time. Some of these restaurants survived the long years of turmoil [2] on the Korean Peninsula through the independence movement and the Korean War, and the restaurant business continued to grow after the war. However, many of the new dining establishments served Western food, partially due to the large foreign influence during the war period.
Eventually, the once very successful ryoriyas began to close their doors having gained a negative image from occasionally offering prostitution. In addition, for the general public in South Korea, dining out was a luxury unimaginable amidst the social and cultural fallout from the War. To attract wealthy customers, Western restaurants in Korea polished their decor and fancied up the dishes, while Korean food remained casual and rustic [3] both at home and taverns.
During the 1988 Summer Olympics, Seoul hosted visitors from all over the world; the restaurant industry greatly expanded and their chefs gained popularity. More people wanted to become professional chefs, and in response to the spike in demand for culinary education, culinary majors and schools were established across the country in the 1990s. In the 2000s, traveling overseas to attend prestigious culinary schools, like the Culinary Institute of America, became very popular.
To hone their skills, these aspiring chefs got jobs at Michelin starred restaurants in cities like Paris and New York upon graduation, while big names in the culinary world, like Pierre Gagnaire, began opening branches in Seoul. This indicated the growing potential of the fine dining industry in Korea, generating much excitement among chefs and the public. Around this time, cooking shows flooded the media and celebrity chefs like Edward Kwon and Hyun-Seok Choi received much attention.
Seeing opportunities back home, chefs who had trained abroad for years came back to open their own restaurants. Initially, most of them offered French and Italian cuisine based on their culinary education and work experiences. Also, consumers were still much more willing to pay high prices for Western food. However, as Korea’s GDP increased and more people could afford expensive restaurants, these fine dining restaurants inevitably embraced elements of Korean cuisine for several reasons. First, they had to appeal to a larger population of Korean diners who were unfamiliar with foreign ingredients like foie gras and caviar. Also, trendsetters in the industry were looking for something new, and incorporating traditional ingredients or cooking methods into Western dishes was an easy way to satisfy early influencers.
Last but most importantly, some of those Korean chefs who spent years studying foreign food and cooking had always yearned to eventually master their motherland’s cuisine. Without formal programs to study Korean traditional cooking, they each found a way to learn doenjang and kimchi making by visiting different artisans and organizations. In this process, fermentation techniques were refined and local herbs were rediscovered by some of the most skilled contemporary chefs in Korea. Starting with Jungsik in 2011, a number of modern Korean restaurants, including Mingles and Kwonsooksoo, achieved critical acclaim and publicity for their fresh takes on familiar flavors. Modern Korean became a very popular genre, and finally the first Michelin guide for Seoul was published in 2016, giving out stars to 24 restaurants.
The 2022 list includes 33 Michelen-starred restaurants—although only a handful are officially categorized as “Korean,” it's impossible to find a place that does not utilize Korean flavors and local ingredients. Korean cuisine is finally back at the center of the table, with more diversity and pride than ever.