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#Social Issues
The Plight of Delivery Workers
The dark underbelly of a delivery-centered economy
Updated: 2021.07.13
9 min read · Advanced
The Plight of Delivery Workers

Twenty-one hours and 400 deliveries into a shift, Mr. Kim in Korea texted a colleague asking for a day off. Four days later, he died of “kwarosa(과로사),” or overwork. On the other side of the world in Manhattan, Mr. Pacheco was complaining that after a six-hour shift, he brought home $32. That’s hardly enough to keep a roof over his head at night and less than half of New York City’s hourly minimum wage. While some couriers are happy just to have an income during the pandemic, they shoulder [1] great costs for the essential service they provide.

Consumers see deliveries as a fantastic convenience, and delivery apps and logistics companies have provided business owners with a lifeline [2] during lockdowns; As governments around the world took measures to limit the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 by imposing lockdown orders and imploring people to stay at home, retailers and restaurants quickly shifted to online delivery platforms to stave off [3] financial ruin. As a result, earnings for Doordash, GrubHub, Uber Eats, and Postmates, the four largest food delivery apps in America, more than doubled in 2020. Likewise, online orders now account for fifteen percent of global retail spending, more than doubling in just two years.

On the flip side, often unnoticed but essential, couriers around the world have been pushed to their breaking point to keep up with the surging demand: with companies trying to cut costs while scaling up [4] the delivery volume, workers have had to receive reduced wages and work longer hours. At the same time, these workers are put in vulnerable positions without much recourse [5]. For example, U.S. Companies like Uber Eats and Doordash do not classify their workers as employees but independent contractors; they are not entitled to essential benefits like retirement plans, healthcare, or minimum wage. Delivery workers at Relay, a food delivery startup, have been victims of unscrupulous [6] business practices. Workers for Relay complained of their tips from customers being withheld by the company with no explanation. When one worker asked Relay why his tips weren’t being paid out, he was blocked from the app with no recourse other than filing an expensive and time-consuming lawsuit. By extension, delivery workers can be targets for petty crime, as they often have food and cash on them but are not insured against workplace theft since they are contractors.

We have seen some activism to improve the working conditions of couriers. For Chinese commerce during the pandemic, delivery workers have been a lifeline and shouldered the economic cost of increased delivery volume—over sixty billion packages were sent across the nation last year. In response to worsening labor conditions, one delivery driver named Chen Guijiang began posting videos of his work, encouraging fellow 7 million couriers to organize around their common problems and demand better pay. Chen started showing up to help fellow couriers negotiate with their bosses, organized collective dinners with other couriers, and quickly became an influential figure online. Then in February, Chen, along with his social media accounts, disappeared. A month later, Chinese authorities announced that he had been arrested for “picking quarrels and provoking trouble.” The Communist Party, which sees any independent political organizations, including trade unions, as threats to state power, censored the discussion of his case on WeChat and Douyin and warned his family to not help him. For his attempts at organizing fellow couriers, Chen faces years of jail.

In Korea, working as a logistics courier is perhaps one of the hardest, least-protected jobs available. Korea has some of the fastest delivery times in the world, with many online retailers offering “sunrise” or “bullet speed” delivery options. Couriers are usually paid around 800KRW per package, face fines for late deliveries, are uninsured, and do not receive overtime pay or paid-time-off. The pandemic-caused growth of online shopping has raised the demand for delivered goods in Korea by 30%. Couriers now work an average of twelve hours per day. While a national law was passed in 2018 to limit the workweek to fifty-two hours, couriers were not included in the deal because they are independent contractors for large corporations such as CJ Logistics, not employees. These increasingly long hours and heavy workloads led to over fifteen high-profile deaths of delivery workers nationally in 2020, resulting in demands for change. Some Korean shoppers began to put out snacks or signs saying, “it’s OK to be late.” Meanwhile, couriers have begun to collectively bargain with employers, resulting in Lotte Logistics declaring that they will hire 1,000 new workers and abolish penalties for late deliveries.

So, will life be getting any easier for couriers in the future?—Despite some victories in Korea, perhaps not. One issue is that the consumer preference for convenient deliveries appears likely to outlast the pandemic. One survey in July of 2020 showed that 52% of US consumers said they would avoid restaurants and bars after reopening. In South Korea, demand for delivered goods increased by 10% annually for years and by over 20% in 2020. For now, this new delivery-centered economy depends on overburdening logistics workers, an unsavory trade-off for convenience. However, if couriers are better compensated and protected, consumers will likely be forced to shoulder the cost in the form of slower and more expensive deliveries. This leaves some observers to guess that robots, such as Agility Robotics’ Digit, may soon push couriers out of work altogether.

배달 노동자들의 역경

한번에 21시간을 일하며 400건의 택배 물량을 처리하는 한국의 김씨는 동료에게 하루 휴가를 요청하는 문자를 보냈습니다. 4일 후 그는 과로사로 사망했습니다. 지구 반대편 맨하탄에서는 파체코씨가 6시간의 교대 근무 후 고작 32달러만 벌 수 있던 것에 불만을 터뜨리고 있었습니다. 이런 수준의 돈은 밤에 거처할 만한 곳을 마련하기도 충분치 않은데다, 뉴욕시 시간당 최저 임금의 반도 안되는 금액입니다. 일부 배달원들은 팬데믹 기간 동안에 수입이 있는 것만으로도 행복해 하긴 하지만, 그들은 이 중요한 서비스가 돌아가게 하는 데 드는 엄청난 비용을 짊어지고 있습니다.

소비자들에게는 배달이 기막히게 편리한 것입니다. 그리고 배달 앱과 물류회사들은 사업자들에게 락다운 기간 동안을 버틸 생명줄을 제공했습니다. 세계 여러 정부들은 2020년 코로나 팬데믹을 통제하기 위해 락다운 명령을 내리고 사람들이 집에 머무르도록 호소하는 등의 조치들을 취하자, 소매업자들과 식당들은 재빨리 온라인 배달 플랫폼으로 갈아타면서 금전적 손해를 줄이고자 했습니다. 그 결과, 미국 4대 배달 앱 업체인 도어대시(Doordash), 그럽허브(GrubHub), 우버이츠(Uber Eats), 포스트메이츠 (Postmates)의 2020년 매출은 두배 이상 증가했습니다. 이처럼 온라인 주문은 지난 2년 만에 두배 이상 증가하며, 이제 전 세계 소매분야 지출의 15%를 차지하게 되었습니다.

다른 한편으로, 대개 주목받지는 못해도 꼭 필요한 존재인 전 세계 배달원들은 급증하는 수요를 맞추기 위해 그들의 한계점까지 내몰렸습니다. 배달 규모가 확대되는 가운데 비용은 줄이려고 하는 회사들 때문에 배달노동자들의 임금은 줄어들고 업무 시간은 늘어난 것입니다. 이와 동시에, 이 노동자들은 딱히 기댈데가 없이 취약한 처지에 놓여있습니다. 예를 들어, 우버이츠나 도어대시와 같은 미국 업체들은 배달 노동자들을 정식 직원이 아닌 각각 독립된 계약직으로 분류하고 있습니다. 따라서 배달노동자들은 퇴직연금, 의료보험, 심지어 최저임금과 같은 필수적인 혜택 등을 받을 자격이 없습니다. 음식 배달 스타트업인 릴레이(Relay)의 배달노동자들은 비양심적인 업계 관행의 희생자가 되었습니다. 릴레이에서 일하는 노동자들은 회사가 고객들이 지급한 팁을 아무런 설명도 없이 지급하지 않는 것에 대해 불만을 터뜨렸습니다. 한 배달원은 왜 팁이 지급되지 않았는지 회사에 물어봤다가 앱에서 차단당하는 일도 있었습니다. 비싼 돈만 들고 시간이 많이 걸리는 법적 소송을 제기하는 것 외에는 어디 호소할 데도 없는데 말입니다. 더 나아가서, 배달노동자들은 음식과 현금을 지니고 다니기 때문에 사소한 경범죄의 대상이 될 수 있는데도, 계약직이기 때문에 직장 도난사고에 대한 보험으로도 커버받을 수 없습니다.

배달원들의 노동 환경을 개선하기 위한 투쟁활동도 일어났습니다. 팬데믹 기간동안 중국 온라인 쇼핑 시장은 600억개가 넘는 택배가 왔다갔다할 정도로 증가했는데, 배달노동자들은 생명줄 같은 역할을 하면서, 증가된 배달 규모에 대한 경제적 비용을 떠안게 되었습니다. 악화되고 있는 노동 조건에 대응해, 택배 운전사인 첸 궈장(Chen Guijiang)씨는 자신이 일하는 것을 찍은 비디오 영상을 포스팅하기 시작했는데, 700만명에 달하는 동료 배달원들이 그들의 공통적인 문제를 해결하기 위해 뭉쳐서 더 나은 보수를 요구하자는 취지였습니다. 첸은 동료 배달원들이 그들의 보스와 협상하는 것을 돕는 자리에 나타나기 시작했고 다른 배달원들과 단체 저녁식사 모임을 마련했고, 순식간에 온라인에서 영향력 있는 인물이 되었습니다. 그러던 지난 2월, 첸은 자신의 소셜미디어 계정과 함께 모습을 감췄습니다. 한 달 뒤, 중국공안당국은 그가 “싸움을 부추기고 문제를 일으킨다”는 이유로 체포되었다고 발표했습니다. 중국공산당은 노동조합을 포함한 독립적인 정치 조직 모두를 국가 권위에 대한 위협으로 보기 때문에 위챗(WeChat)과 도우인(Douyin)과 같은 앱 상에서 그의 사건에 관해 벌이는 설전들을 검열했고 첸의 가족들에게도 그를 돕지 말라고 경고했습니다. 동료 배달원들을 조직하려는 그의 시도 때문에 결국 첸은 몇 년간 감옥에서 지내게 되었습니다.

한국에서는, 물류 택배기사로 일하는 것이 아마 가장 힘들면서도 가장 보장 혜택이 적은 직업일 것입니다. 한국은 많은 온라인 소매업체들이 “새벽배송”이나 “총알배송” 같은 옵션을 제공하고 있어서 세계에서 가장 빠른 배송이 가능한 나라로 꼽힙니다. 택배기사들은 보통 한 택배당 800원 정도를 지급받고 있는데 배송 지연에 대한 벌금도 물어야 하고, 보험에 가입되어 있지도 않으며, 시간외 초과수당이나 유급 휴가도 받지 못합니다. 팬데믹으로 인해 온라인 쇼핑이 성장하면서 한국내 배달 수요가 30% 증가했습니다. 택배기사들은 이제 매일 평균 12시간을 일합니다. 2018년도에 주당 52시간 근무로 제한하는 법이 통과되었지만 택배기사들은 CJ로지스틱스와 같은 대기업에 정직원이 아닌 개인사업자로 분류되어 있어서 그 협상 법안에 포함되지 않았습니다. 이렇게 점점 늘어나는 장시간 업무와 과도한 노동량때문에 2020년 한 해 전국에서 15건 이상 대중의 높은 관심을 받은 택배기사 사망사건이 발생하였고 결국 변화의 목소리가 커졌습니다. 한국의 쇼핑객들 중 일부는 스낵 같은 간단한 간식을 내놓거나 “늦어도 괜찮아요” 라는 문구가 써진 팻말을 내 걸기 시작했습니다. 그러는 동안, 택배기사들은 고용주들과 단체 협상을 시작하였고 그 결과 롯데로지스틱스는 1000명의 신규 노동자들을 고용하고 배달지연에 대한 벌금을 없애기로 발표했습니다.

자 그럼 앞으로 택배기사들의 삶이 조금이라도 더 편안해질까요? 한국에서의 일부 성공적인 협상에도 불구하고 아마 그렇지는 않을 것입니다. 한 가지 문제는 소비자들의 편리한 배달에 대한 선호가 팬데믹을 넘어서 더 오래 지속될 것 같아 보인다는 점입니다. 2020년 7월에 실시한 조사에 따르면 미국 소비자들의 52%가 운영이 재개된 후에도 식당과 바 이용을 피할 거라고 답했습니다. 한국에서는 배달 제품에 대한 수요가 수년간 매년 10% 정도 증가했는데 2020년에는 20% 이상으로 올랐습니다. 현재, 이러한 새로운 배달 위주의 경제가 과중한 업무에 시달리는 물류회사의 택배기사들한테 달려있습니다. 불미스럽게도 편리함과 맞바꾼 것이지요. 그러나, 만약 택배기사들이 좀 더 나은 보상과 보장을 받게 된다면 소비자들은 더 느려진, 그리고 더 비싼 배달의 형태로 그 비용 부담을 질 수 밖에 없을 것입니다. 이러한 것들을 지켜보는 일부 사람들은 어질리티 로보틱스(Agility Robotics) 회사의 배송로봇인 디짓(Digit)과 같은 로봇들이 곧 택배기사들을 다 직장에서 밀어낼지도 모르겠다고 추측하고 있습니다.

Discussion Questions
Q1
In your own words, please briefly summarize the article.
Q2
Do you prefer shopping online or in-person?
Q3
What are your considerations when choosing where to shop online? (i.e., delivery cost, delivery time, greater variety…)
Q4
Do you think your personal preferences for shopping online will change after the COVID19 pandemic ends?
Q5
Do you think couriers are compensated fairly for their role in the economy?
Q6
Do you think that retail will continue to shift to delivery instead of in-person shopping in the future?
Q7
If you ran a logistics company, how would you respond to the complaints from couriers that they are being overworked during the pandemic?
Q8
Do you think it’s fair that logistics companies classify couriers as contractors rather than employees in order to keep consumer costs down?
Q9
How do you think the market could adjust to increasing delivery demand without overburdening delivery drivers?
Q10
If you have a question or questions that you'd like to discuss during your class, please write them down.
Expressions
shoulder
(책임을) 짊어지다, 받아들이다
to take on the burden of something
Ringle Tip
If you shoulder the burden, responsibility, or cost of something, you bear or assume that thing.
예문
1

Emily shoulders all the grunt work involved in the publication process.

에밀리는 출판 과정에 관련된 모든 자잘한 업무를 떠맡는다.

예문
2

Factory workers had to shoulder the costs of increased taxation.

공장 근로자들은 증세 비용을 부담해야 했다.

lifeline
생명줄
a thing that someone or something depends on in difficult situations
Ringle Tip
A lifeline refers to a rope or line used for life-saving, but metaphorically, it refers to anything that provides support throughout a difficult situation.
예문
1

William’s writing gig was his lifeline during the pandemic since he couldn’t wait tables at a restaurant due to lockdowns.

William의 글쓰기 공연은 락다운으로 인해 식당에서 테이블을 기다릴 수 없었기 때문에 대유행 기간 동안 그의 생명줄이었다.

예문
2

Zoom has become a lifeline for us since we are in a long-distance relationship.

우리가 장거리 연애를 한 이후로 줌은 우리에게 생명줄이 되었다.

stave off
피하다, 간신히 모면하다
ward off; fend off; prevent
Ringle Tip
If you stave off something bad or dangerous, you prevent or avert that thing.
예문
1

It is difficult to stave off unsolicited criticism or advice from customers who, unfamiliar with how words could be used in nuanced ways in American English, mistakenly think that they’ve spotted an error.

미국 영어에서 단어를 미묘한 방식으로 사용하는 것에 익숙하지 않은 고객들이 그들이 오류를 발견했다고 잘못 생각하는 자발적인 비난이나 충고를 피하는 것은 어렵다.

예문
2

His reassuring presence can stave off any potential panic attack.

그의 든든한 존재는 잠재적인 공황 발작을 막을 수 있다.

scale up
(크기, 규모를) 확대하다
to increase in size, production, or capacity
Ringle Tip
Don’t confuse this expression with “upscale” which means something fancy or expensive.
예문
1

Ford’s assembly line allowed car manufacturing to scale up with dramatic speed

Ford의 조립 라인은 자동차 제조를 놀라운 속도로 확장할 수 있게 해주었습니다.

예문
2

It is difficult to scale up the production of artisan goods.

장인용품의 생산 규모를 늘리는 것은 어렵다.

recourse
(힘든 상황에서 도움을 얻기 위한) 의지
a way of solving a difficult problem or conflict, a system or process of help
Ringle Tip
This is often used in the expression “he has recourse to X” or “he has no recourse”; however it can also describe a thing or process that helps, such as “the government is a recourse for natural disaster victims.”
예문
1

If your company doesn’t pay you, the only recourse is a lawsuit.

회사가 돈을 주지 않는다면 유일한 방안은 소송이다.

예문
2

Unions can provide recourse to laborers who feel isolated and exploited.

노조는 고립되고 착취당한다고 느끼는 노동자들에게 의지할 수 있다.

unscrupulous
부도덕한, 무원칙의
behaving without moral or ethical principles to get what you desire, willing to lie or cheat to achieve goals
Ringle Tip
You can also refer to ethics or principles as “scruples” and say “that businessman has no scruples.”
예문
1

Unscrupulous landlords do not respond to the needs of their tenants.

부도덕한 집주인들은 세입자들의 요구에 응하지 않는다.

예문
2

Regulators should pay more attention to unscrupulous lenders.

규제 당국은 부도덕한 대출자들에게 더 많은 관심을 기울여야 한다.

본 교재는 당사 편집진이 제작하는 링글의 자산으로 저작권법에 의해 보호됩니다. 링글 플랫폼 외에서 자료를 활용하시는 경우 당사와 사전 협의가 필요합니다.

Twenty-one hours and 400 deliveries into a shift, Mr. Kim in Korea texted a colleague asking for a day off. Four days later, he died of “kwarosa(과로사),” or overwork. On the other side of the world in Manhattan, Mr. Pacheco was complaining that after a six-hour shift, he brought home $32. That’s hardly enough to keep a roof over his head at night and less than half of New York City’s hourly minimum wage. While some couriers are happy just to have an income during the pandemic, they shoulder [1] great costs for the essential service they provide.

Consumers see deliveries as a fantastic convenience, and delivery apps and logistics companies have provided business owners with a lifeline [2] during lockdowns; As governments around the world took measures to limit the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 by imposing lockdown orders and imploring people to stay at home, retailers and restaurants quickly shifted to online delivery platforms to stave off [3] financial ruin. As a result, earnings for Doordash, GrubHub, Uber Eats, and Postmates, the four largest food delivery apps in America, more than doubled in 2020. Likewise, online orders now account for fifteen percent of global retail spending, more than doubling in just two years.

On the flip side, often unnoticed but essential, couriers around the world have been pushed to their breaking point to keep up with the surging demand: with companies trying to cut costs while scaling up [4] the delivery volume, workers have had to receive reduced wages and work longer hours. At the same time, these workers are put in vulnerable positions without much recourse [5]. For example, U.S. Companies like Uber Eats and Doordash do not classify their workers as employees but independent contractors; they are not entitled to essential benefits like retirement plans, healthcare, or minimum wage. Delivery workers at Relay, a food delivery startup, have been victims of unscrupulous [6] business practices. Workers for Relay complained of their tips from customers being withheld by the company with no explanation. When one worker asked Relay why his tips weren’t being paid out, he was blocked from the app with no recourse other than filing an expensive and time-consuming lawsuit. By extension, delivery workers can be targets for petty crime, as they often have food and cash on them but are not insured against workplace theft since they are contractors.

We have seen some activism to improve the working conditions of couriers. For Chinese commerce during the pandemic, delivery workers have been a lifeline and shouldered the economic cost of increased delivery volume—over sixty billion packages were sent across the nation last year. In response to worsening labor conditions, one delivery driver named Chen Guijiang began posting videos of his work, encouraging fellow 7 million couriers to organize around their common problems and demand better pay. Chen started showing up to help fellow couriers negotiate with their bosses, organized collective dinners with other couriers, and quickly became an influential figure online. Then in February, Chen, along with his social media accounts, disappeared. A month later, Chinese authorities announced that he had been arrested for “picking quarrels and provoking trouble.” The Communist Party, which sees any independent political organizations, including trade unions, as threats to state power, censored the discussion of his case on WeChat and Douyin and warned his family to not help him. For his attempts at organizing fellow couriers, Chen faces years of jail.

In Korea, working as a logistics courier is perhaps one of the hardest, least-protected jobs available. Korea has some of the fastest delivery times in the world, with many online retailers offering “sunrise” or “bullet speed” delivery options. Couriers are usually paid around 800KRW per package, face fines for late deliveries, are uninsured, and do not receive overtime pay or paid-time-off. The pandemic-caused growth of online shopping has raised the demand for delivered goods in Korea by 30%. Couriers now work an average of twelve hours per day. While a national law was passed in 2018 to limit the workweek to fifty-two hours, couriers were not included in the deal because they are independent contractors for large corporations such as CJ Logistics, not employees. These increasingly long hours and heavy workloads led to over fifteen high-profile deaths of delivery workers nationally in 2020, resulting in demands for change. Some Korean shoppers began to put out snacks or signs saying, “it’s OK to be late.” Meanwhile, couriers have begun to collectively bargain with employers, resulting in Lotte Logistics declaring that they will hire 1,000 new workers and abolish penalties for late deliveries.

So, will life be getting any easier for couriers in the future?—Despite some victories in Korea, perhaps not. One issue is that the consumer preference for convenient deliveries appears likely to outlast the pandemic. One survey in July of 2020 showed that 52% of US consumers said they would avoid restaurants and bars after reopening. In South Korea, demand for delivered goods increased by 10% annually for years and by over 20% in 2020. For now, this new delivery-centered economy depends on overburdening logistics workers, an unsavory trade-off for convenience. However, if couriers are better compensated and protected, consumers will likely be forced to shoulder the cost in the form of slower and more expensive deliveries. This leaves some observers to guess that robots, such as Agility Robotics’ Digit, may soon push couriers out of work altogether.

*본 교재는 당사 편집진이 제작하는 링글의 자산으로, 저작권법에 의해 보호됩니다. 링글 플랫폼 외에서 자료를 활용하시는 경우, 당사와 사전 협의가 필요합니다.