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#Economy
Government’s role in the economy
The case of Japan
Updated: 2021.03.14
12 min read · Intermediate
Government’s role in the economy

I. Japanese economic miracle

Japan started rebuilding its economy after World War II by selecting core industries and focusing their resources on them.

After surrendering in WWII, Japan lost its colonies and much of its key industries. Obtaining foreign currency through exports and importing raw materials and food were the only ways to survive as a resource-poor island nation.

Under the post-war agreement, Japan became dependent on the U.S. for its national defense and launched national reconstruction projects with the support of the U.S. and other countries. Given its limited resources, Japan planned to become globally competitive by selecting key industries and focusing all investment on them.

What Japan had in abundance at the time was cheap labor by well-educated people. While focusing on light industries such as textiles and cheap electronics would have been a more reasonable decision, the Japanese government believed that this would not allow Japan, with a population of nearly 100 million, to escape the poverty and famine that had spread throughout Asia.

The Japanese government decided to focus on the fields of oil refining, chemicals, steel, automobiles, aircraft, industrial machinery, computers, and other electronics industries requiring massive capital and technology, which were not in line with [1] Japan’s situation at the time.

The Japanese government judged that investing in these industries (with rapidly advancing technology, labor productivity, and demand) may seem irrational, but will prove much more beneficial to Japan in the long run [2].

This government-led approach to economic growth, based on the unique ties between the Japanese government and businesses, was so successful as to be called “the miracle years.”

The Japanese government did not leave its economy up to the market, but took on the “administrative guidance of business” by administering their goals and priorities from the beginning. The fundamental difference between the Japanese government’s approach and a dictatorship’s complete control of the industrial sector is that Japanese companies and various ministries have maintained close ties since the Meiji Restoration.

Japan’s economy grew remarkably as the Japanese government provided tax incentives and other forms of support while Japanese companies successfully developed industries under government direction.

To this end, the Japanese government not only put the central bank under the complete control of government agencies, but also provided selective loans to key industries through state-run banks. Additionally, it set a five-year plan for Japan’s industrial development through the National Planning Agency, managed indicators to prioritize industrial revival, and commanded imports, overseas investments, foreign exchange, and technology transfers.

In addition to closely monitoring the productivity of capital and labor in each industry, the NPA analyzed the latest trends of foreign companies to determine how Japan should allocate its resources and continue to grow. Japan has since then grown into the world’s second-largest economy after the U.S.

II. Made in Japan

As Japan entered a long period of economic stagnation, its government actively sought to restore its industrial competitiveness.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Japanese companies such as NEC, Hitachi, and Toshiba obtained more than 70% of the global market share. However, their market share has been plummeting since Korean company Samsung Electronics’ memory business became No. 1 in 1993.

In the late 1990s, the Japanese government integrated NEC and Hitachi’s DRAM business to create Elpida Memory with the goal of beating Korean companies and leading the global semiconductor market once again.

Elpida continued to grow by merging Mitsubishi’s DRAM business, and the Japanese government even used public funds to support its growth. Yet Elpida was not competitive enough to regain the global market; it eventually went bankrupt in 2012 and was acquired by Micron, a U.S. producer of computer memory and computer data storage.

To revive the LCD industry in crisis due to the growth of Korean companies, the Japanese government established JDI by integrating LCD divisions of Sony, Hitachi, and Toshiba. However, JDI—which, like Elpida, struggled to prove competitive in the global market—was found to have committed accounting fraud to increase profits from 2014 to 2019.

After being in the red for five consecutive years, JDI made a dramatic comeback by securing additional investments worth 1 trillion won in early 2020. JDI, which belatedly decided to withdraw from the LCD business, says it will further invest in OLED to compete in the small and medium-sized OLED market dominated by Korean companies such as Samsung and LG.

The Japanese government launched a space jet project with the aim of publicizing its economic revival through the localization of passenger aircrafts.

In the mid-2000s, Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry launched a “SpaceJet” project to integrate Japanese technological capabilities and localize small passenger jets with under 100 seats. The government-organized project began with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries leading the project in cooperation with other companies; over 11 trillion won was spent jointly by public and private sectors.

In actuality, the aircraft industry is a sore point [3] for Japan. During WWII, Japan’s aviation technology was so advanced that its fighter jets overpowered those of its enemies. However, strict limitations were imposed on the aviation industry during the post-war U.S. military rule, and the foundation of the industry consequently collapsed.

Nevertheless, Japan successfully developed its first propeller plane after the war through the Nihon Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation, which was jointly established by the government and the private sector, and used the plane to carry the torch for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. This, along with the Shinkansen bullet train, became a symbol of post-war reconstruction and economic boom. The Japanese government intended to announce its revival using Japanese-made aircraft once again for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.

That said, the deadline for payment in 2013 has been postponed until 2022, while the cost of the project has increased more than seven times to 11 trillion won. The losses of companies participating in the project are snowballing. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, which recorded a deficit of nearly 3 trillion won in 2019 alone, expects a loss of 1 trillion won in 2020 even despite its plans to reduce its workforce and business by over 90%.

Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation, expected to play an important role, has decided to halve its development staff and organization, and the resignation of its president has raised more questions about the sustainability of the project. There are also serious concerns about sales during the COVID-19 crisis.

After the consecutive failures of government-led projects, there is growing concern that this approach to economic growth may not work as it had in the past.

This approach of forming a government-led business alliance against foreign countries has been used in various fields including semiconductors, displays, aviation, heavy industries, and connected cars.

A series of failed businesses are raising doubts about the current validity of the success equation in which the Japanese government decides the direction of the project, integrates companies to create economies of scale, and achieves growth through intensive investment.

Other East Asian countries have also achieved rapid economic growth through similar approaches. Given this historical context, governments and their people have no choice but to continue to yearn for such government-led industrial promotion.

Contrary to the past when the ultimate goal was to catch up with developed countries, the direction is less clear these days. A rigid and slow government-led operation may no longer be appropriate.

Moreover, companies today are able to raise the necessary funds on their own, and their human resources are superior to the government’s. There are criticisms that the government’s attempts to lead industries reduce the autonomy, creativity, and will of the private sector.

Some believe that this Hinomaru method, executed without the private sector’s vision, is unlikely to succeed because the government’s consolidation of less competitive companies cannot create global competitiveness out of thin air [4].

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경제에서 정부의 역할

I. 일본 경제의 기적

2차 세계대전 이후 일본은 정부 주도로 핵심 산업을 선정하고 리소스를 집중하는 방식으로 경제 재건을 시작했습니다.

2차 세계대전 이후 일본은 그동안 점령해온 식민지와 기간 산업의 상당부분을 잃게 됨. 자원이 부족한 섬 국가의 특성 상 수출을 통해 외화를 획득하고, 이를 통해 산업에 필요한 원자재 및 식품을 수입하는 것이 당시로서는 유일한 생존의 길이었음

전후 합의에 따라 일본은 국방을 미국에 의존하게 되었고, 이를 통해 아낀 국방비와 함께 미국을 비롯한 세계 각국의 지원 속에 국가 재건 사업을 시작함. 일본은 모든 리소스가 제한적인 상황에서, 성장이 필요한 핵심 산업을 국가가 직접 선정하고 이 산업에 투자를 집중함으로써 특정 산업 분야에서 국제적인 경쟁력을 갖추는 방식을 택함

당시 일본이 풍족하게 가진 것은 잘 교육된 값싼 노동력이었음. 비교우위를 고려해봤을 때 섬유나 값싼 전자제품 등 경공업에 주력하는 것이 이성적인 결정이었겠으나, 일본 정부는 이러한 접근 방식으로는 1억명에 가까운 인구를 가진 일본이 아시아 전역에 퍼져있는 가난과 굶주림을 벗어날 수 없을것이라고 생각함

일본 정부는 대규모 자본과 기술을 필요로 하는, 당시 일본의 상황과는 맞지 않는, 정유, 화학, 철강, 자동차, 항공기, 산업용 기계설비와, 컴퓨터를 비롯한 전자산업 분야에서 일본 경제의 근간을 만들기로 결정함

일본 정부는 기술 발전이 빠르고 노동 생산성이 빠르게 오르는데다 수요가 늘고 있는 이 산업들이, 단기적으로는 비이성적인 접근으로 보일 수 있지만, 장기적인 관점에서 일본에게 훨씬 이익이 될 것이라고 판단함

이러한 정부 주도의 경제 성장 방식은 일본 정부와 기업들이 쌓아온 독특한 유대관계와 맞물려 the miracle years로 불릴 정도로 큰 성공을 거뒀습니다.

일본 정부는 경제를 시장에 맡겨두지 않고 정부가 목표와 우선순위를 시작 단계부터 결정하는 ‘administrative guidance of business’ 방식을 택함. 독재국가에서 정부가 산업 영역을 완전히 장악하고 컨트롤하는 것과 일본의 방식이 근본적으로 다른 점은 메이지 유신 이후 일본의 기업들과 정부의 각 기능부처가 긴밀한 관계를 유지해왔다는 것임

이러한 유대관계 속에서, 일본 정부가 다양한 지원과 세제 혜택 등을 통해 나아갈 방향을 보여주면, 일본 기업들은 그 방향 안에서 충분한 독립성과 자율성을 유지한채 산업 발전을 이뤄나가는 방식으로 일본의 경제는 눈부신 성장을 이루는데 성공함

이를 위해 일본 정부는 중앙은행을 완전히 정부기관의 통제하에 뒀을 뿐 아니라 여러 국책은행들을 통해 핵심 산업에 필요한 자금을 선별적으로 대출해줬음. 또한, National Planning Agency를 통해 국가의 산업발전 5개년 계획을 세우고 세부 지표들을 관리함으로써 산업 부흥의 우선순위를 결정했고, 정부가 직접 수입과 해외 투자, 외환, 기술이전 등을 세밀하게 통제했음

NPA는 각 산업별로 자본과 노동력의 생산성을 면밀히 모니터링하는 한편, 해외 다른 국가/기업들의 생산성 및 최신 트렌드를 분석하여 일본이 가진 리소스를 어느 분야에 어떻게 배분하고 조정하여 어떤 방식으로 성장할지에 대한 큰 그림을 그려나갔음. 이후 일본은 한때 미국에 이은 세계 2위의 경제 대국으로 눈부시게 성장함

II. 일본에서 만들어진

일본이 장기간의 경제 침체기에 접어들자 산업 경쟁력의 회복을 위해 일본 정부가 적극적으로 나서기 시작했습니다.

1970-80년대만 해도 세계 반도체 시장은 NEC, 히타치, 도시바 등 일본 기업들의 세계 시장 점유율이 70%를 상회할 정도였음. 그러나 한국의 삼성이 93년 메모리 부문 세계 1위에 오른 이후 일본 기업들의 시장 점유율은 급락하기 시작함

1990년대말, 일본 정부는 반도체 시장을 잠식해오던 한국 기업들과의 경쟁에서 승리하고, 세계 반도체 시장을 선도했던 과거의 영광을 재현하기 위해 NEC와 히타치의 D램 사업을 통합해 엘피다 메모리를 만들었음

이후 엘피다는 미쓰비시의 D램 사업까지 합병하며 지속적으로 규모를 키워나갔고, 정부는 공적자금까지 투입하며 성장을 지원했으나 결국 세계 시장을 되찾아올만한 경쟁력을 갖추지 못한 끝에 2012년 파산하고 미국의 마이크론에 흡수됨

이후 일본 정부는 한국 기업들의 성장으로 위기에 처한 LCD 산업을 되살리기 위해 다시 한번 정부 주도로 소니, 히타치, 도시바의 LCD 사업부를 통합해 JDI를 설립함. 그러나 엘피다와 마찬가지로 충분한 경쟁력을 갖추는데 어려움을 겪은 JDI는, 2014년 상장 직후부터 2019년까지 이익을 늘리기 위해 회계부정을 저지른 사실까지 밝혀지며 충격을 안겨주고 있음

5년 연속 적자를 기록하던 JDI는 2020년 초 1조원대 추가 투자를 유치하면서 극적으로 기사회생함. 뒤늦게나마 LCD 사업에서 철수를 결정한 JDI는 OLED 투자 확대를 통해 삼성, LG 등 한국 기업들이 장악한 중소형 OLED 시장에서 승부를 보겠다고 밝히고 있음

항공 분야에서 여객기 국산화를 통해 일본 경제의 부흥을 다시 알리기 위한 목적으로, 정부 주도의 스페이스 제트 프로젝트가 시작되었습니다.

2000년대 중반 일본 경제산업성은 일본의 기술 역량을 통합하여, 100석 이하의 소형 여객기를 국산화하는 ‘스페이스 제트’ 프로젝트를 시작함. 일본의 기술력과 부흥을 보여주기 위해 정부가 기획한 이 프로젝트는 미쓰비시 중공업이 다른 기업들과 연합해 사업을 주도하는 방식으로 시작되었으며, 민관합동으로11조원 이상이 투입되었음

사실 항공기 산업은 일본의 아픈 손가락임. 2차 세계 대전 당시 일본의 전투기가 적들을 압도하는 엄청난 성능을 보여줬을 정도로 일본은 높은 수준의 항공 기술력을 보유하고 있었음. 그러나 전쟁 이후 이어진 미 군정 기간 동안 전쟁에 활용될 수 있는 항공 산업에 대한 엄격한 통제가 이뤄졌고, 이 기간동안 항공산업의 기반이 무너져내림

그럼에도 불구하고 일본은 정부와 민간이 함께 설립한 ‘일본 항공기 제조’를 통해 전후 최초의 국산 프로펠러 여객기를 개발, 1964년 도쿄 올림픽 성화 봉송에 사용함. 이는 신칸센과 함께 전후 재건과 경제 부훙의 상징이었음. 일본 정부는 2020년 도쿄올림픽에 일본이 생산한 항공기를 활용함으로써 다시 한번 일본의 부흥을 세계에 알리고자 했음

그러나 최초 2013년이었던 납기일은 2022년까지 미뤄졌고, 사업비도 기존 대비 7배가 넘는 11조까지 늘어났음. 이로 인해 프로젝트에 참가한 기업들의 손실도 눈덩이처럼 불어나고 있음. 이 사업으로 인해 2019년에만 3조에 가까운 적자를 기록한 미쓰비시 중공업은 인력과 사업을 90% 이상 축소할 예정임에도 2020년 1조 정도의 손실을 예상하고 있음

이 사업에서 중요한 역할을 맡고 있는 미쓰비시 항공기는 개발 인력과 조직을 절반으로 줄이기로 결정한데다 또 다시 사장이 사임하면서 프로젝트의 지속 가능 여부에 의문이 커지고 있음. 이 와중에 터진 코로나 사태는 실제로 제품 개발에 성공하더라도 원활한 판매가 이뤄질 수 있을지에 대한 우려까지 확산시키고 있음

정부 주도 프로젝트들의 연이은 실패 속에 과거와 같이 정부가 주도하는 경제 성장 방식이 이제는 제대로 작동하지 않는 것이 아니냐는 우려가 커지고 있습니다.

외국에 맞서 정부 주도로 기업 연합을 구성하고 경쟁력 강화를 추진하는 방식은 위에 나온 반도체, 디스플레이, 항공 분야 뿐만 아니라 중공업, 커넥티드 카 등 다양한 분야에서 꾸준히 등장해왔음

그러나 연이은 사업 실패 속에, 정부가 나서 사업의 방향성을 결정하고 기업들을 통합하여 규모의 경제를 이루며, 집중적인 자금 투입을 통해 성장을 이뤄내는 과거 일본 정부의 성공 방정식이 이 시대에는 더 이상 작동하지 않는 것이 아니냐는 의문이 커지고 있음

일본 뿐만 아니라 비슷한 경제 성장의 궤적을 그려온 여러 동아시아 국가 역시 정부 주도로 산업을 육성하는 방식으로 경제 성장의 로드맵을 그려왔고, 그것을 통해 실제 엄청난 속도의 경제 성장을 이뤄냈음. 이러한 역사적 배경 속에서 정부와 국민들은 정부 주도의 산업진흥에 대한 막연한 동경을 갖고 있을 수 밖에 없음

그러나 선진국을 따라잡는 것이 목적이었던, 속도와 실행력이 가장 중요했던 과거의 상황과는 달리 방향이 분명하지 않은 상황에서 길을 개척하며 찾아나가야 하는 오늘날의 상황에는 이렇게 경직되고 느린 정부 주도의 작동 방식은 어울리지 않을 수 있음

또한 정부에 돈과 인적자원이 집중되어 있던 당시의 상황과는 달리 오늘날 기업들은 충분히 스스로 필요한 자금을 조달할 수 있으며 인적경쟁력 역시 정부보다 우위에 있음. 오히려 정부가 나서서 산업을 이끌어 나가려고 하는 것 자체가 민간의 자율성과 창의성, 의지를 축소시킨다는 지적이 나오고 있음

또한 정부가 세금을 써가면서 경쟁력이 떨어지는 기업들을 통합하여 규모를 키운다고 해서 존재하지 않았던 글로벌 경쟁력이 생기는 것이 아니기 때문에, 민간의 적극적인 사업 의지와 비전 없이 진행되는 이러한 히노마루 방식은 애초에 성공하기 어려운 것 아니냐는 지적 역시 나오고 있음

링글 튜터들과 ‘Government’s role in the economy’에 대해 1:1 영어토론 하시며, 영어 교정 역시 받아보시길 바랍니다.

Discussion Questions
Q1
In your own words, please briefly summarize the article.
Q2
Why did you choose this topic for today’s class discussion?
Q3
How did Japan promote economic growth after WWII? South Korea used similar tactics after the Korean War. What do you think were the similarities and differences between the two countries?
Q4
What do you think enabled countries like Japan and Korea to achieve economic growth without sufficient resources? (There are many cases of resource-rich countries that have failed at economic growth.)
Q5
Discuss business alliance projects led by the Japanese government. What are the circumstances behind these projects? Why do you think they aren’t successful?
Q6
Do you agree with the way the Japanese government actively intervenes in industries and businesses? Why do you think this approach has been previously successful?
Q7
What do you think should be the role of 21st-century governments in the economy? Are there sectors in which governments should be more active?
Q8
If you have a question or questions that you'd like to discuss during your class, please write them down.
Expressions
in line with
~와 비슷한, ~와 긴밀히 연결되도록
in alignment or accordance with
예문
1

The company’s results are in line with stock market expectations.

그 회사의 실적은 주식 시장의 예상과 일치한다.

예문
2

I think we’ll be great partners because my thinking is in line with yours.

내 생각이 네 생각과 일치하기 때문에 우리는 좋은 파트너가 될 것 같아.

in the long run
장기적으로는, (앞으로 길게 보았을 때) 결국에는
over or after a long period of time; eventually
예문
1

Learning a foreign language may seem like a lot of effort, but it’ll be worth it in the long run.

외국어를 배우는 것은 많은 노력으로 보일 수 있지만, 장기적으로 볼 때 가치가 있을 것이다.

예문
2

Sometimes expensive drugs or other treatments can be economical in the long run.

때로는 비싼 약이나 다른 치료법이 장기적으로 경제적일 수 있다.

sore point
(감정적으로 건드리면) 아픈 곳, 약점
a subject or issue about which someone feels distressed or annoyed
예문
1

Don’t ask recent college grads about the job search. It’s a bit of a sore point.

최근 대학 졸업자들에게 구직에 대해 묻지 말자. 그것은 약간 아픈 점이다.

예문
2

The continuing presence of American troops on Korean soil remains a very sore point with these students.

한국 영토에 미군이 계속 주둔하는 것은 이 학생들에게는 매우 아픈 점이다.

out of thin air
난데없이
from nothing
예문
1

The magician made a rabbit appear out of thin air.

마술사는 토끼를 난데없이 나타나게 했다.

예문
2

You can’t come up with an entire dissertation out of thin air.

당신은 논문 전체를 허황된 생각만으로 만들 수 없다.

본 교재는 당사 편집진이 제작하는 링글의 자산으로 저작권법에 의해 보호됩니다. 링글 플랫폼 외에서 자료를 활용하시는 경우 당사와 사전 협의가 필요합니다.

I. Japanese economic miracle

Japan started rebuilding its economy after World War II by selecting core industries and focusing their resources on them.

After surrendering in WWII, Japan lost its colonies and much of its key industries. Obtaining foreign currency through exports and importing raw materials and food were the only ways to survive as a resource-poor island nation.

Under the post-war agreement, Japan became dependent on the U.S. for its national defense and launched national reconstruction projects with the support of the U.S. and other countries. Given its limited resources, Japan planned to become globally competitive by selecting key industries and focusing all investment on them.

What Japan had in abundance at the time was cheap labor by well-educated people. While focusing on light industries such as textiles and cheap electronics would have been a more reasonable decision, the Japanese government believed that this would not allow Japan, with a population of nearly 100 million, to escape the poverty and famine that had spread throughout Asia.

The Japanese government decided to focus on the fields of oil refining, chemicals, steel, automobiles, aircraft, industrial machinery, computers, and other electronics industries requiring massive capital and technology, which were not in line with [1] Japan’s situation at the time.

The Japanese government judged that investing in these industries (with rapidly advancing technology, labor productivity, and demand) may seem irrational, but will prove much more beneficial to Japan in the long run [2].

This government-led approach to economic growth, based on the unique ties between the Japanese government and businesses, was so successful as to be called “the miracle years.”

The Japanese government did not leave its economy up to the market, but took on the “administrative guidance of business” by administering their goals and priorities from the beginning. The fundamental difference between the Japanese government’s approach and a dictatorship’s complete control of the industrial sector is that Japanese companies and various ministries have maintained close ties since the Meiji Restoration.

Japan’s economy grew remarkably as the Japanese government provided tax incentives and other forms of support while Japanese companies successfully developed industries under government direction.

To this end, the Japanese government not only put the central bank under the complete control of government agencies, but also provided selective loans to key industries through state-run banks. Additionally, it set a five-year plan for Japan’s industrial development through the National Planning Agency, managed indicators to prioritize industrial revival, and commanded imports, overseas investments, foreign exchange, and technology transfers.

In addition to closely monitoring the productivity of capital and labor in each industry, the NPA analyzed the latest trends of foreign companies to determine how Japan should allocate its resources and continue to grow. Japan has since then grown into the world’s second-largest economy after the U.S.

II. Made in Japan

As Japan entered a long period of economic stagnation, its government actively sought to restore its industrial competitiveness.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Japanese companies such as NEC, Hitachi, and Toshiba obtained more than 70% of the global market share. However, their market share has been plummeting since Korean company Samsung Electronics’ memory business became No. 1 in 1993.

In the late 1990s, the Japanese government integrated NEC and Hitachi’s DRAM business to create Elpida Memory with the goal of beating Korean companies and leading the global semiconductor market once again.

Elpida continued to grow by merging Mitsubishi’s DRAM business, and the Japanese government even used public funds to support its growth. Yet Elpida was not competitive enough to regain the global market; it eventually went bankrupt in 2012 and was acquired by Micron, a U.S. producer of computer memory and computer data storage.

To revive the LCD industry in crisis due to the growth of Korean companies, the Japanese government established JDI by integrating LCD divisions of Sony, Hitachi, and Toshiba. However, JDI—which, like Elpida, struggled to prove competitive in the global market—was found to have committed accounting fraud to increase profits from 2014 to 2019.

After being in the red for five consecutive years, JDI made a dramatic comeback by securing additional investments worth 1 trillion won in early 2020. JDI, which belatedly decided to withdraw from the LCD business, says it will further invest in OLED to compete in the small and medium-sized OLED market dominated by Korean companies such as Samsung and LG.

The Japanese government launched a space jet project with the aim of publicizing its economic revival through the localization of passenger aircrafts.

In the mid-2000s, Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry launched a “SpaceJet” project to integrate Japanese technological capabilities and localize small passenger jets with under 100 seats. The government-organized project began with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries leading the project in cooperation with other companies; over 11 trillion won was spent jointly by public and private sectors.

In actuality, the aircraft industry is a sore point [3] for Japan. During WWII, Japan’s aviation technology was so advanced that its fighter jets overpowered those of its enemies. However, strict limitations were imposed on the aviation industry during the post-war U.S. military rule, and the foundation of the industry consequently collapsed.

Nevertheless, Japan successfully developed its first propeller plane after the war through the Nihon Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation, which was jointly established by the government and the private sector, and used the plane to carry the torch for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. This, along with the Shinkansen bullet train, became a symbol of post-war reconstruction and economic boom. The Japanese government intended to announce its revival using Japanese-made aircraft once again for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.

That said, the deadline for payment in 2013 has been postponed until 2022, while the cost of the project has increased more than seven times to 11 trillion won. The losses of companies participating in the project are snowballing. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, which recorded a deficit of nearly 3 trillion won in 2019 alone, expects a loss of 1 trillion won in 2020 even despite its plans to reduce its workforce and business by over 90%.

Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation, expected to play an important role, has decided to halve its development staff and organization, and the resignation of its president has raised more questions about the sustainability of the project. There are also serious concerns about sales during the COVID-19 crisis.

After the consecutive failures of government-led projects, there is growing concern that this approach to economic growth may not work as it had in the past.

This approach of forming a government-led business alliance against foreign countries has been used in various fields including semiconductors, displays, aviation, heavy industries, and connected cars.

A series of failed businesses are raising doubts about the current validity of the success equation in which the Japanese government decides the direction of the project, integrates companies to create economies of scale, and achieves growth through intensive investment.

Other East Asian countries have also achieved rapid economic growth through similar approaches. Given this historical context, governments and their people have no choice but to continue to yearn for such government-led industrial promotion.

Contrary to the past when the ultimate goal was to catch up with developed countries, the direction is less clear these days. A rigid and slow government-led operation may no longer be appropriate.

Moreover, companies today are able to raise the necessary funds on their own, and their human resources are superior to the government’s. There are criticisms that the government’s attempts to lead industries reduce the autonomy, creativity, and will of the private sector.

Some believe that this Hinomaru method, executed without the private sector’s vision, is unlikely to succeed because the government’s consolidation of less competitive companies cannot create global competitiveness out of thin air [4].

Discuss “Government’s role in the economy” with your Ringle tutor and receive feedback on your English.

*본 교재는 당사 편집진이 제작하는 링글의 자산으로, 저작권법에 의해 보호됩니다. 링글 플랫폼 외에서 자료를 활용하시는 경우, 당사와 사전 협의가 필요합니다.