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#Society
[Long] The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
For a thriving relationship
Updated: 2025.01.16
4 min read · Intermediate
material_image
[Long] The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

“Ugh, I resent you so hard!”


A couple behind us was fighting, and with the lady throwing this line for a clincher, they couldn’t be heard anymore. My boyfriend and I had been waiting to enter a Bouillon in Paris, and the place being one of the top hunts for tourists, there was a winding line outside extending several blocks. From eyeballing it, it was at least an hour before we could step foot in the establishment, so when a couple raised their voices behind us, it was more entertaining than disturbing.

“We’ve been walking all day, and my feet are killing me. Look at the line!”

“Yea, but this place is...”

“We shouldn’t have come. What did I tell you?”

“But…”

They went back and forth before the lady made it clear to her boyfriend and the public that she resented him so hard and stomped [1] out of the line. To return the favor, he seemed to retreat [2] into a resenting silence and follow her out of the line. My boyfriend shot me a teasing glance, baring the top row of his teeth in a wide grin. Fine, I’d more than once complained to him about my aching feet, the blinding blizzard, or other physical discomforts and emotional misgivings on a date. The other couple’s fight had elements in them that reminded him of ours. The truth? The ways couples fight have overlapping patterns and can be generalized in some ways.

One example is the four horsemen in relationships. The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse is a metaphor in the New Testament for the end times, representing conquest, war, hunger, and death. John Gottman, a renowned marriage researcher and psychologist, took this metaphor to describe four communication patterns that increase the likelihood of divorce, the four horsemen respectively describing criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling, and contempt.

According to Gottman, while the four horsemen in his research predict early divorcing, “the absence of positives during conflict discussions” and emotional withdrawal predict later divorcing. In one research, by looking at couples’ communication during conflicts, he could predict divorce in couples with 90 percent accuracy.

Given that most emerging [3] conflicts in a relationship are linked to permanent, recurring issues, Gottman advises couples to “manage” rather than try to “resolve” them—some fires cannot be extinguished—while avoiding the four horsemen that erode at the love supposedly holding up the relationship.

The couple’s fight in the line showed all elements of the four horsemen. The woman criticized her partner by blaming him rather than voicing her complaints from her perspective. She showed contempt by talking dismissively [4], screaming at him, and clearly stating she “resented” him. In response, he reacted defensively and shut down, stonewalling her.

While heated exchanges in any relationship are a normal and healthy occurrence (research suggests that couples with little-to-no negative communication have dim prospects, too), treating each other with respect even in the roughest situations is a barometer for a successful and lasting relationship. When your relationship hits a rough patch [5], perhaps remember to go after the four horsemen, and not your partner.

[긴 지문] 요한계시록의 네 기사

"아휴, 너 때문에 너무 화가 나!"


뒤에서 한 커플이 다투고 있었고, 여자가 결정적으로 이 말을 내뱉음과 동시에 그들이 싸우는 소리는 더 이상 들리지 않았습니다. 제 남자친구와 저는 파리의 한 부용(프랑스 전통 음식점)에 입장하려 서 있었는데, 그곳은 관광객들에게 인기 있는 곳이어서 사람들이 몇 블록에 걸쳐 구불구불 길게 줄을 서 있었습니다. 대충 눈으로 보기에도 우리 차례가 오려면 최소 한 시간은 기다려야 했으니, 그 커플이 우리 뒤에서 목소리를 높였을 때 그것은 불쾌하기보다는 재미있는 구경거리로 여겨졌습니다.

"하루 종일 걸어 다녀서 발이 아파 죽겠어. 이 줄 좀 봐!"

"알아, 하지만 이곳은..."

"여기에 오지 말았어야 했어. 내가 뭐랬어?"

"그래도..."

그들은 좀 더 티격태격하다가 마침내 여자는 자기 남자친구와 주변 사람들에게 그 때문에 화가 났다는 것을 분명히 하고는 줄 밖으로 걸어나가 버렸습니다. 남자친구는 똑같이 화가 나서 아무 말없이 서 있다가 그녀를 따라갔습니다. 제 남자친구는 윗니를 드러낸 채 씩 웃으며 놀리는 듯한 눈빛으로 저를 쳐다보았습니다. 맞습니다, 저도 데이트 중에 발이 아프다거나 심한 눈보라를 맞았다거나 기타 신체적 불편함과 감정적 불안감 때문에 그에게 불평한 적이 여러 번 있습니다. 그 커플의 싸움에는 제 남자친구에게 우리의 싸움을 떠올리게 하는 요소들이 있었습니다. 사실, 커플들의 다툼에는 공통으로 겹치는 패턴이 있어서 이를 일반화할 수 있습니다.

한 가지 예는 관계를 보여주는 “네 기사”입니다. 요한계시록의 네 기사란 신약성경에 나오는 종말에 대한 은유로 “정복, 전쟁, 굶주림, 죽음”을 상징합니다. 저명한 결혼 연구자이자 심리학자인 존 가트만은 이 비유를 이용해서 이혼 가능성을 높이는 네 가지 의사소통 패턴을 설명했는데, 여기서 네 기사는 각각 “비난, 방어, 무반응(담쌓기), 경멸”입니다.

가트만에 따르면, 그의 연구에 나오는 네 기사는 조기 이혼 가능성을 예측하는데, “갈등 표출 시 긍정성의 부재"와 감정적인 무반응(아무런 감정도 표현하지 않는 것)은 결혼 말기의 이혼 가능성을 예측합니다. 한 연구에서 그는 갈등이 있는 커플이 의사소통하는 모습을 관찰하면서 커플의 이혼을 90퍼센트의 정확도로 예측할 수 있었습니다.

커플간의 관계에서 가장 두드러지는 갈등은 지속적이고 반복적인 문제와 관련이 있다는 것을 지적하며, 가트만은 관계를 지탱하는 ‘사랑’을 서서히 갉아먹는 네 기사를 피하고, 갈등은 “해결”하기보다는 “관리”하라고 (끌 수 없는 불도 있기 마련이므로) 조언합니다.

줄에서 일어난 그 커플의 다툼은 그 네 기사의 모든 요소를 보여주었습니다. 여자는 자기 관점에서 불만을 표출하기보다 상대방에게 책임을 전가하면서 그를 비난했습니다. 그녀는 상대를 무시하는 투로 얘기하고 소리를 지르고 그 사람 때문에 "화가 났다"고 분명히 말함으로써 경멸감을 드러냈습니다. 이에 대해 남자는 방어적인 태세를 취하고 여자에게 대꾸도 없이 무반응으로 일관했습니다.

모든 관계에서 열띤 의견 교환은 정상적이고 건강한 일이지만(연구에 따르면 부정적인 의사소통이 거의 또는 전혀 없는 커플의 전망도 어둡다고 합니다) 가장 힘든 상황에서도 서로를 존중하는 태도는 성공적이고 지속적인 관계의 척도가 될 수 있습니다. 관계가 힘든 고비에 부딪쳤을 때 몰아세울 것은, 여러분의 파트너가 아닌 네 기사라는 것을 기억하세요.

Discussion Questions
Q1
In your own words, please briefly summarize the article.
여러분의 언어로 교재를 간단히 요약해 주세요.
Q2
What part of the reading resonated with you most?
이번 교재에서 가장 공감하는 내용은 무엇인가요?
Q3
What are your thoughts on the way the couple in the passage handled their disagreement? How would you have dealt with the situation differently?
본문에 나오는 부부가 의견 불일치를 처리한 방식에 대해 어떻게 생각하세요? 여러분이라면 그 상황을 어떻게 다르게 처리했을까요?
Q4
Do you agree with John Gottman's advice to "manage" rather than "resolve" recurring issues in relationships? Why or why not?
관계에서 반복되는 문제를 '해결'하기보다는 '관리'하라는 존 고트먼의 조언에 동의하시나요? 그런 이유는 무엇인가요?
Q5
How do you think cultural differences might influence the way couples express their conflicts?
문화적 차이가 부부가 갈등을 표현하는 방식에 어떤 영향을 미칠 수 있다고 생각하시나요?
Q6
In your opinion, what role does self-awareness play in preventing the Four Horsemen behaviors in relationships?
여러분이 생각하기에, 자기 인식은 관계에서 네 기수의 행동을 예방하는 데 어떤 역할을 한다고 생각하나요?
Q7
How can individuals become more self-aware in their communication styles?
어떻게 하면 개인이 자신의 커뮤니케이션 스타일에 대해 더 자각할 수 있을까요?
Q8
If you have a question or questions that you'd like to discuss during your class, please write them down.
궁금한 점이 있거나 수업 중에 얘기해 보고 싶은 질문이 있으면 적어주세요.
Expressions
stomped
to walk heavily and noisily, often indicating anger or frustration
例文
1

Frustrated with the result, he stomped out of the room.

例文
2

She stomped her foot in frustration when her computer crashed again.

retreat
to move back or withdraw, especially from a dangerous situation or confrontation
例文
1

The soldiers were forced to retreat as the enemy advanced.

例文
2

After hours of negotiation, they decided to retreat from the deal.

emerging
coming into view or becoming known or apparent
例文
1

Despite the challenges, there are signs of emerging opportunities in the market.

例文
2

The emerging artist gained recognition after her latest exhibition.

dismissively
in a manner that indicates a lack of interest or concern
例文
1

She waved her hand dismissively, indicating she wasn't interested.

例文
2

He answered dismissively, clearly not paying attention to the question.

hits a rough patch
to experience a difficult or challenging period
例文
1

Every relationship hits a rough patch from time to time.

例文
2

After losing his job, he hit a rough patch financially.

본 교재는 당사 편집진이 제작하는 링글의 자산으로 저작권법에 의해 보호됩니다. 링글 플랫폼 외에서 자료를 활용하시는 경우 당사와 사전 협의가 필요합니다.

“Ugh, I resent you so hard!”


A couple behind us was fighting, and with the lady throwing this line for a clincher, they couldn’t be heard anymore. My boyfriend and I had been waiting to enter a Bouillon in Paris, and the place being one of the top hunts for tourists, there was a winding line outside extending several blocks. From eyeballing it, it was at least an hour before we could step foot in the establishment, so when a couple raised their voices behind us, it was more entertaining than disturbing.

“We’ve been walking all day, and my feet are killing me. Look at the line!”

“Yea, but this place is...”

“We shouldn’t have come. What did I tell you?”

“But…”

They went back and forth before the lady made it clear to her boyfriend and the public that she resented him so hard and stomped [1] out of the line. To return the favor, he seemed to retreat [2] into a resenting silence and follow her out of the line. My boyfriend shot me a teasing glance, baring the top row of his teeth in a wide grin. Fine, I’d more than once complained to him about my aching feet, the blinding blizzard, or other physical discomforts and emotional misgivings on a date. The other couple’s fight had elements in them that reminded him of ours. The truth? The ways couples fight have overlapping patterns and can be generalized in some ways.

One example is the four horsemen in relationships. The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse is a metaphor in the New Testament for the end times, representing conquest, war, hunger, and death. John Gottman, a renowned marriage researcher and psychologist, took this metaphor to describe four communication patterns that increase the likelihood of divorce, the four horsemen respectively describing criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling, and contempt.

According to Gottman, while the four horsemen in his research predict early divorcing, “the absence of positives during conflict discussions” and emotional withdrawal predict later divorcing. In one research, by looking at couples’ communication during conflicts, he could predict divorce in couples with 90 percent accuracy.

Given that most emerging [3] conflicts in a relationship are linked to permanent, recurring issues, Gottman advises couples to “manage” rather than try to “resolve” them—some fires cannot be extinguished—while avoiding the four horsemen that erode at the love supposedly holding up the relationship.

The couple’s fight in the line showed all elements of the four horsemen. The woman criticized her partner by blaming him rather than voicing her complaints from her perspective. She showed contempt by talking dismissively [4], screaming at him, and clearly stating she “resented” him. In response, he reacted defensively and shut down, stonewalling her.

While heated exchanges in any relationship are a normal and healthy occurrence (research suggests that couples with little-to-no negative communication have dim prospects, too), treating each other with respect even in the roughest situations is a barometer for a successful and lasting relationship. When your relationship hits a rough patch [5], perhaps remember to go after the four horsemen, and not your partner.

*本教材は、Ringleを使用して英語を学ぶ学習者向けに設計されています。