The advent of AI has driven profound shifts in the semiconductor industry. South Korea’s Samsung Electronics, renowned for its substantial [1] revenue from DRAM sales, and the U.S.-based Intel, once the leader in CPU sales, both reported disappointing results this year. Analysts note that both companies have struggled to keep pace with rapidly evolving semiconductor market trends. Until 2022, these two companies held the top global positions in semiconductor sales. But how has AI reshaped the dynamics of this industry?
The company that surpassed Samsung and Intel in semiconductor sales was Taiwan’s TSMC. Integrated Device Manufacturers (IDMs) like Samsung and Intel manage the entire semiconductor process—from design to manufacturing and post-processing. In contrast, TSMC operates as a pure-play foundry, focusing solely on manufacturing for fabless companies specializing in semiconductor design. A notable example of a fabless firm is NVIDIA, whose primary manufacturer is TSMC.
AI has played a pivotal [2] role in increasing the prominence of foundries. AI data centers require AI accelerators that rely on specific semiconductors: HBM and GPU. HBM, composed of vertically stacked DRAM chips, is critical to determining the performance of AI accelerators. GPUs, once secondary to CPUs, have gained importance due to their efficiency in handling large-scale data processing, essential in the AI era.
NVIDIA dominates the AI accelerator market, capturing about 90% of the market share. While Samsung focused on general-purpose DRAM products, NVIDIA sought out SK Hynix for customized HBM manufacturing. Meanwhile, the GPUs used in AI accelerators are primarily produced by TSMC, while Intel has struggled with stagnation [3] in CPU advancements. Because of the advanced technology, foundries that can customize for each customer started to gain traction.
Although both IDMs also operate their foundries, they lag behind [4] TSMC, which focuses exclusively on manufacturing. Because IDMs must invest across the entire production process, they are often limited in R&D investment, hindering their capacity for innovation. Recently, Intel's self-produced chips underperformed compared to TSMC’s offerings, even jeopardizing Intel’s competitiveness in CPUs. Consequently, Intel has outsourced the production of its next-generation CPU, “Lunar Lake,” to TSMC.
Prior to the 2000s, most global semiconductor players were IDMs. However, as semiconductor technology diversified over the last two decades, IDMs have faced increasing challenges, especially as competitors sharpen their focus on specialized areas. Critics also argue that the bureaucratic [5] structures of large corporations have become obstacles to fast and innovative decision-making. So, how will IDMs like Samsung and Intel strategize to overcome this crisis and adapt to the shifting landscape?